tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69382582596635145362024-03-13T20:28:22.102-07:00Life心理學閱覽室周舜欽的Life心理學閱覽室:致力於推廣「終身學習」與「閱讀實踐」之理念、分享「投資心理學」、「正向心理學」與「樂齡心理學」的好書及智慧,並運用成人教育的專業,協助您改善自己的財務狀況、提升生活品質,以及追尋人生的意義和永續經營。周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.comBlogger168125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-34074971630961050152019-01-19T07:36:00.002-08:002019-06-11T17:58:28.635-07:00金融的智慧》從「委託代理問題」看人生的混亂與角色的衝突<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif;">一、委託代理問題 </span><span lang="EN-US">principal-agent problom<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: large;">一家上市公司的執行長意外過世,請問股價會漲還是會跌?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">1</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">月,美國同笑樂</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">Tootssie Roll</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">)</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">公司的執行長不幸過世,結果股市竟然出現慶祝行情</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">─</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">股價大漲了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">7%</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">!你也許可以猜到</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">,股東們並不喜歡這位執行長,而且很高興看到執行長要換人了。但值得深思的問題是,如果股東們不喜歡這位</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">執</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">行長,難道不能提早把他趕走嗎?而這位為股東們工作、理應要為股東謀求最大利益的執行長,為什麼又會讓股東們如此厭惡呢?這裡</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">便</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">帶出來</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">了</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">資本主義的核心<span style="color: red;"><b>「委託代理問題」(</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>principal-agent problom</b></span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><b>)</b></span>。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">很久很久以前</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">(</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">久到不知是否真的存在過</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">),</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">業主擁有自己的事業,並且自己負責經營。後來企業</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">為了追求</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">規模不斷成長,</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">便</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">需要</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">更多</span><span style="font-family: "andale sans ui" , serif; font-size: medium;">的資金</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">來源,於是金主(業主)也由一人變成多人。然而隨著企業成長與產業的快速變化,金主們不一定有管理龐大企業的能力或意願,於是就委託一位代理人(通常稱為總經理、總裁或執行長之類的)代為管理公司。委託代理的關係於焉誕生,一連串複雜問題也隨之而來。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">最明顯的問題有兩個:首先,<span style="color: purple;"><b>雖然是委託人雇用代理人來為他工作,但不論有意識或無意識地,代理人心中總有著自己的盤算,可能會做出對自己有利,而對委託人不利的決策</b></span>;其次,<b><span style="color: #990000;">委託人看似擁有無上的權力,但實際上卻缺乏足夠的資訊和專業知識去干預代理人的工作,也無法任意更換代理人</span></b>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">前述例子中,同笑樂是一間糖果公司,當時有許多公司願意高價收購同笑樂來強化自身體質,以爭取超級市場中競爭愈來愈激烈的貨架空間。股東們希望執行長能出售公司,爭取股東利益,但執行長卻拒絕。原因之一是,公司一旦賣掉,執行長就失業了─這可是一個年薪八百萬美元,包含公司每天指派私人飛機接送上下班的工作呀!話說蘋果公司執行長提姆‧庫克(<span lang="EN-US">Tim Cook</span>)的年薪也是幾百萬美元,但人家蘋果公司的營收可是你同笑樂的<span lang="EN-US">300</span>倍啊!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">至於股東的權力呢?我們來看看蘋果公司,其最大個人股東就是其執行長提姆‧庫克,但其實他也不過擁有<span lang="EN-US">0.02%</span>的股票而已,至於最大共同基金法人股東,所持有的股份也不到<span lang="EN-US">10%</span>。蘋果公司擁有幾百萬個投資人,真正關心公司經營理念及方向、能提供有智慧的創見者,又有幾人?大部分的投資人(或說投機客)並不在意公司的治理,也不懂如何治理,他們只對股價的漲跌有興趣,至於其他的工作,「就全權交給執行長來處理吧!」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: purple;">委託代理問題,不只出現在股東與執行長身上,中小企業的老闆與員工、任何職場的主管與下屬之間,都存在著這層關係和問題。</span></b>例如:老闆聘用員工來替他工作,但員工總會想辦法減少自己的工作量或工作時間,讓自己賺錢賺得輕鬆點,而老闆其實很難完全掌握員工有沒有認真工作;另外,開除員工、調動職位或給予教育訓練都需要額外的成本,老闆也很難輕易下決定。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">委託代理問題,甚至不只出現在工作職場中,<b><span style="color: #990000;">我們每個人在日常生活中,都可能會委託各種代理人(例如:醫師、律師、會計師、室內設計師、土木水電師傅、廚師、計程車司機、房屋仲介、投資顧問、教練、老師、保母、活動主持人…等)來幫我們處理自己無法或不想處理的事情</span></b>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">試想一個人因病就醫,就是委託醫師幫他解決醫療保健問題,但<b><span style="color: purple;">醫師所做的醫療決策,常常受到藥廠、醫療器材廠商、健保制度、看診時間壓力、醫師養成教育體制、個人專長與經歷和個人價值觀等因素的影響,而無法做出對委託人最有利的建議,因而不必要的開刀與用藥、各科間的互踢皮球、過度輕忽的誤診、強硬冷漠的態度…等醫療糾紛時有所見</span></b>。然而,<span style="color: #990000;"><b>面對這樣的難題,一般人卻沒有足夠的知識和信心來干預醫師的決策,也甚少會決定更換醫師,大多就只能默默接受而已</b></span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">目前為止我們所舉的例子,代理人的行為都還尚稱合法。至於那些掏空公款、捏造財報、偷工減料、收取回扣、虐待幼兒與長者等違法或遊走法律邊緣的作法,對委託人的傷害就更大了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">這就是<b><span style="color: purple;">基本的委託代理問題:代理人不見得會奉公盡責,委託人也很難加以監督</span></b>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>二、切膚之痛 <span lang="EN-US">skin in the game<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">委託代理問題起源於各種工作的「專業化」和個體間的「利益衝突」。<b><span style="color: #990000;">專業化程度愈高就愈會產生</span><span style="color: red;">「資訊不對稱」</span><span style="color: #990000;">,由於資訊不對稱,代理人就難以精準掌握和滿足委託人的需求,而委託人也難以監控代理人的決策與行為</span></b>;<b><span style="color: purple;">利益衝突更是難以避免的,每個人的需求都不盡相同,而每個人所做每件事似乎都逃不開</span><span style="color: red;">「自利偏誤」</span><span style="color: purple;">─做對自己有利的事,還會合理化說這樣對大家都好(對你好)</span></b>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">金融學提出的解決方法是「委託代理理論」(<span lang="EN-US">agency theory</span>)。簡單講就是妥善安排<b><span style="color: red;">「激勵機制」</span></b>,確保代理人有動力去做好我們所委託的事。<span style="color: #990000;"><b>常見的做法例如:用股票的形式給予執行長薪酬,藉由這種薪資結構將委託人和代理人的利益連結在一起,激勵代理人做出對雙方都有利的決策和行為</b></span>。另外,公司給予業務人員的佣金、績效獎金或任何依照工作成果給薪的形式,都是基於相同原理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">但這樣的作法仍然不完美,無法將委託人及代理人雙方的利益完全連結在一起,甚至還會製造更多問題。例如:由於股票不像現金這樣明確,執行長通常可以說服董事會給予自己高額的股份作為薪酬,而當執行長想要賣股票的時候,則會想辦法提高短期股價,即使可能犧牲企業長期利益也在所不惜。就像業務人員為了衝高業績,也可能會作出無法兌現的承諾或甚至欺騙的行為,因而傷害公司長期的利益一樣。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">相對於委託代理理論(主要是將雙方利益連結在一起,而忽略災難發生時要由誰來承擔損失),<b><span style="color: purple;">「</span><span style="color: purple;">不確定五部曲」作者納西姆‧尼可拉斯‧塔雷伯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: purple;">Nassin Nicholas Taleb</span><span style="color: purple;">)在</span><span style="color: red;">《不對稱陷阱》(<span lang="EN-US">Skin in the Game</span>)</span><span style="color: purple;">中,更強調一個人是否有「切膚之痛」,也就是「一個人獲取報酬的同時,有沒有承擔風險?」「當災難發生時,他會不會蒙受損失?」</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: red;">一個沒有切膚之痛的人,會產生倫理上和知識上的問題,也可以稱之為</span><span style="color: #990000;">騙子</span><span style="color: red;">和</span><span style="color: purple;">呆子</span><span style="color: red;">的問題。</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">前者因為沒有切膚之痛,事情出錯了也不用蒙受損失,這樣的代理人就可以放膽去追求高報酬/高風險的機會,一旦成功就可以牟取暴利,失敗則由委託人或其他人承擔損失,自己的損失很有限。許多投資顧問、跨國企業執行長、黑心建商、黑心食品商、專門分析和預測的名嘴和或新聞媒體…等,屬於這類。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: purple;"><b>後者因為在其專業生涯中沒有切膚之痛,所以缺乏一種實戰智慧,以至於雖然立意良善,卻往往給出錯誤的建議、做出錯誤的決策和採取錯誤行動,導致別人的災難與損失。許多官僚、政治人物、政策學究、恐龍法官、自己不使用產品的設計師、為創新而創新的發明家、企管顧問、成功學講師…等,屬於這類。</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">重視「切膚之痛」規則可以保護你。具體一點來說:<span style="color: #990000;"><b>對於那些提出建議告訴你說,採取某種行動「對你有好處」的人,務必提高警覺,因為這對他也有好處,可是對你受的傷害不會直接影響他</b></span>。或者更簡潔有力地說:<b><span style="color: purple;">不要聽信靠給別人建議為生的人所提的建議,除非他們的建議錯了時,自己也會遭殃。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">如果說有切膚之痛的人才可以合作,那麼有<b><span style="color: red;">「椎心之痛」(<span lang="EN-US">soul in the game</span>)</span></b>的人則更值得信任。這種人會將靈魂注入他的作品,他們重視榮譽─即使物質報酬再高,有些事寧死不做
。有椎心之痛的工匠不盲目追求效率、不偷工減料、不出售瑕疵品,因為這會使他不喜歡自己的作品,更重要的是會不喜歡自己。<b>工匠做事是先為了「存在」的理由,其次才會考慮「生存」的問題。</b>雖然不是全部,但有許多作家、創業家、自由工作者都可以稱之為工匠。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">綜上所述,若想減少委託代理的基本問題,可從三方面下手。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>第一,要使雙方的獲利方向一致,且更重要的是共同承擔的風險與損失</b></span>;</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: purple;">第二,雙方要有充分良好的溝通,使資訊不對稱的情況降到最低,信任程度提到最高</span></b>;</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>第三、尋找重視榮譽的人</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">實際的作法也可分成三種,第一種是從<b><span style="color: red;">「法令規定」</span></b>下手,由政府制定實施法令規定,保障公民安全,減少非法的掠奪行為。缺點之一是,愈來愈複雜的法令規定,同時也限制了個人和企業的自由,有可能窒息了國家與社會的生命力;其次,法令規定總有漏洞,讓社會的寄生蟲有機可趁,例如透過政策遊說、保護性法令和特許權,反而從政府牟取利潤。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">第二種作法是從<span style="color: red;"><b>「契約與法律制度」</b></span>著手,簡單講就是「我們先講好規則」以及「如果你傷害我,我就告你」。相對於政府由上而下的法令規定(漏洞較多),契約與法律制度是由下而上,透過反覆試驗摸索、不斷調適與平衡的系統。這種作法的優點是重法律精神,而不像發令規定那樣僵固、照章行事而缺乏彈性;缺點則是,有些領域的傷害會受到忽略而無法有效提出訴訟,例如隱藏性的環境破壞,或者很久之後才會出現的食安傷害等。這時候就需要由上而下的法令規定來監督了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">第三種作法是倚靠<b><span style="color: red;">「專業倫理」</span></b>。各行各業都會有其從業人員應遵守的倫理守則。有得是明文條列;有的則不是那麼明顯,但如果違反就會以信譽受損或良心譴責作為懲罰。其優點也是其缺點,就是對在意的人而言約束力極大,對不在意的人而言則形同虛設。前者會依照他們的倫理守則來從事其專業,後者則是依照他們的專業來調整倫理守則。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">一般針對委託代理問題的討論大概就到此為止了,不過真正的委託代理問題遠比我們想像的還要複雜,跟我們每天的生活也比想像中更密切相關。接下來我們要試圖從委託代理問題中得到一些啟發,想運用金融的智慧、從委託代理問題中學習,得先問自己下列兩個問題:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你是委託人還是代理人?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">委託人和代理人,誰要聽誰的?</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: blue;">三、你是委託人還是代理人?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">一位大學教授的父親過世後幾年,他發現在鄉下獨居的母親的生活愈來愈孤單,他很擔心母親的身心健康。在和住得很近的妹妹討論過後,他們一致認為將母親接過來他們附近居住,是最好的作法。這樣媽媽不但可以常常見到兒女和孫子,而且在都市中各種資源也較多。想出這個方法之後,這位大學教授很興奮的跟他母親提出這個建議,不料卻被澆了一桶冷水─母親對這件事完全不感興趣。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">大學教授進一步列舉所有好處來說服媽媽,母親卻還是不願意搬離鄉下。兄妹兩人都覺得搬家很明顯是對媽媽最好的做法,母親根本只是因為習慣了舒適圈的生活,所以不想改變現狀。在往後日子中,兄妹兩人更積極地推動計畫,相信媽媽最後會看見他們的孝心,也會接受他們的建議。但有時也會為了這件事鬧得不愉快,甚至激烈爭吵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">我們在孝順父母、教養小孩、關心伴侶或與朋友互動的過程當中,常常都會遇到類似的問題,也就是「我是為你好,但你為何不聽我的話」。這時候也許我們該問問自己:「我到底是委託人,還是代理人?」<b><span style="color: purple;">當你說出「我這樣做是為你好」的同時,不就等於說自己是企業執行長(代理人),所做的事情是要為股東(委託人)謀取最大利益嗎?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">但口口聲聲說自己是代理人的我們,常不自覺地擔任起委託人,進而希望我們的父母、子女、伴侶或朋友,照著我們的意思做,以滿足我們自己的需求。</span></b>換句話說,我們不知不覺地落入了「委託代理問題」、成為一位不盡責的執行長而不自知。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">會不會大學教授要母親搬來自家附近住是對自己方便,而不是對父母好?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: purple;">有沒有可能,在我們說希望幫助孩子「成就最好的自己」時,其實一直將自己未能實現的希望與抱負投射在孩子身上,讓他追隨我們的專業、享受我們的興趣。</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><b>在這種情況下,我們假裝是孩子的代理人,說要幫助他們完成夢想和發展潛能,實際上卻是百分之百的委託人,略帶權威地要求代理人,要他完成我們的夢想。</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">如果沒有先釐清「我是委託人還是代理人」,往往就會發生上述的問題。釐清自己的角色,有助於啟發我們如何做出正確的行為。<span style="color: purple;"><b>身為代理人就是要盡量釐清並滿足委託人的需求,盡忠職守、謀求委託人的最大利益,而不是以私害公</b></span>;<b><span style="color: #990000;">而委託人的職責是清楚表達合理的需求、提供充足的資源,並且充分授權、尊重專業。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">舉例來說,一位主管明明授權給部屬來卻又頻頻干涉,這會讓部屬做起事來綁手綁腳,甚至覺得不被信任與不受尊重,負面情緒的影響之下績效必定不佳,而主管卻可能歸咎於部屬的能力不足。再舉一個例子,一間公司聘請講師來為員工授課,但是授課的目的模糊不清、有著不合理的期待、對授課內容與授課方式過度介入與干涉,或者無法提供講師需要的設備及資源,這也會使講師的專業能力大打折扣。在這兩個例子中,委託人都沒有扮演好自己的角色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">當然代理人也做不好的時候,但其實重點不在於「究竟是授權不足,還是能力不足?」<span style="color: purple;"><b>因為我們都可能落入自利偏誤,合理化自己的錯誤行為,以為問題不在自己身上</b></span>。<span style="color: #990000;"><b>與其爭辯「授權不足還是能力不足」,應該把精力放在「扮演好自己的角色」。</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">不過了解這個道理後,我們還不能鬆一口氣,因為釐清自己的角色並不容易,我們每個人都會同時扮演好幾種角色,在某些場合我們是委託人,在某些領域我們則是代理人,甚至有時候,我們既是委託人又是代理人。即使釐清角色之後,事情仍然很複雜─到底是專業代理人要聽事主委託人的,還是事主委託人該聽專業代理人的呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>四、委託人和代理人,誰要聽誰的?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">還記得本文一開始提到的同笑樂公司嗎?其實那位執行長馬文‧高登(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">Melvin Gordon</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">)他太太的家族握有很多股份,一直是控制同笑樂公司的資方,所以他才能擔任執行長超過五十年。他們認為把公司賣掉會讓很多老員工失業,改換經營地點也可能傷害在地社區,而品牌易手則可能失去消費者長期的支持和喜好,所以堅持不肯出售同笑樂。與他們對抗的,也就是企圖將同笑樂公司賣掉的,正是有名的股市禿鷹卡爾‧伊坎(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">Carl Icahn</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">)。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">也許用股市禿鷹來形容伊坎容易給人一種負面的刻板印象,不過<b><span style="color: purple;">許多大型避險基金正是透過持股來積極參與企業經營,以便整合「一盤散沙」似的股東們,如此才能有效監督企業經理人,要求他們做正確的事。</span></b>畢竟執行長只是代理人,股東們才是真正的委託人。<b><span style="color: #990000;">這些看似邪惡的空頭,在揭穿一些經理人騙局和解決一些委託代理問題上面,有時扮演著重要的角色。</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">如此用放大鏡來看這個事件,我們就很難斬釘截鐵的說到底誰對誰錯了。雙方都是大股東,也都有各自的理由。<b><span style="color: purple;">執行長高登並非只是單純的代理人,他同時也可算是委託人</span></b>。並且<b><span style="color: #990000;">高登雖然不接受「出售公司」的股東意見,但他卻聽取了另一群股東「不要出售公司」的意見,誰又能說他是失職的執行長,誰有能說他沒有為股東謀取最大利益呢?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">讓事情更加複雜的是,<b><span style="color: purple;">伊坎是同笑樂的大股東,他看似一位委託人要求代理人滿足他的需求(出售公司),做的事情理所當然、沒有任何道德問題</span></b>。但其實他自己也受委託來管理退休基金和捐贈基,他也是代理人。<span style="color: #990000;"><b>身為代理人伊坎自己也可能有委託代理問題,他主張賣掉同笑樂公司,到底是為了謀求他的委託人的最佳利益(為了退休基金投資人的長期利益),還是只是為了他自己的私利(衝高他自己的短期操作績效)呢?</b></span>你還能斬釘截鐵的說伊坎是在做正確的事嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">如果要很獨斷地說「委託人才是主人,代理人聽委託人的就沒錯了」,那遇上彼此互為對方的委託人和代理人時該要如何?例如:<span lang="EN-US">A</span>是甲公司執行長,<span lang="EN-US">B</span>是甲公司股東;同時:<span lang="EN-US">A</span>是乙基金投資人,而<span lang="EN-US">B</span>是乙基金的經理人。<span lang="EN-US">A</span>要聽<span lang="EN-US">B</span>的,而<span lang="EN-US">B</span>要聽<span lang="EN-US">A</span>的,到底誰要聽誰的?<span lang="EN-US">A</span>要為<span lang="EN-US">B</span>謀求最大利益,而<span lang="EN-US">B</span>的利益就是為<span lang="EN-US">A</span>謀求最大利益,或者反過來說,為自己謀求利益就是為委託人謀求利益,到底是誰要為誰謀求誰的最大利益?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">「委託人和代理人,誰要聽誰的?」這個問題,充分展現了現實生活的混亂與角色的衝突,而混亂與衝突當然不只出現在職場或商業領域,在我們的日常生活中「誰要聽誰的」問題常以下列三種型式出現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">第一種型式是</span><b style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">「多重角色衝突」</span></b><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">。我們每個人都要同時扮演許多演不同的角色,丈夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">/</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">妻子、父母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">/</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">兒女、老闆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">/</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">員工、上司</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">/</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">部屬、老師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">/</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">學生…等,這些角色也可以看成委託人跟代理人的關係。就像同笑樂執行長高登遇到的問題一樣,身為代理人,我們有一群目標不盡相同,甚至需求互相衝突的委託人。</span><b style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">當老婆、媽媽和女兒的意見相衝突時,你要聽哪位委託人的?</span></b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;"><b>當工作、家庭和興趣的要求相衝突時,你又要如何做取捨?</b></span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: medium;">這些都不容易。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">第二種型式是<b><span style="color: red;">「資訊不對稱」</span></b>。擁有醫療照護專業的兒女,身為年邁父母的代理人,以其專業知識安排父母的醫療照護計畫,希望謀求父母最大利益。然而年邁的的父母則以委託人的身分,說兒女的醫療照護計畫不符合自己的需求,希望按照自己的意願安排。那麼誰該聽誰的?<span style="color: purple;"><b>兒女固然專業,但畢竟無法百分之百理解並體會父母的需求與價值觀,而且醫療照護的使用者畢竟是父母,難道他沒有權利決定?</b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;">父母雖然是當事人,但個人的學識經歷有限,無法做出客觀的最佳判斷與決策,會不會他認為對自己最好的,反而害了自己甚至拖累家人?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">第三種型式是<b><span style="color: red;">「互為委託代理人」</span></b>。丈夫與妻子,兩人都將自己的一生幸福委託給對方,也同時自願擔任對方的代理人、為對方謀取一生的幸福,兩人便互為對方的委託人與代理人。父母和子女也是一樣的狀況,父母關愛子女、子女孝順父母,都是自願擔任對方的代理人,自然也都是對方的委託人。<span style="color: purple;"><b>如果子女希望給父母最好的醫療照護資源,而父母卻希望將有限的資源留給子女兒不是用在自己身上,那麼雙方雖然都是善意,卻也可能產生很大的意見分歧,甚至發生爭吵。</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">委託代理問題提供我們一個獨特的視野,來看待現實世界的混亂與角色的衝突,但是仍無法提供一個簡單明瞭的答案─誰對誰錯?<b><span style="color: #990000;">委託人們的需求本來就可能是衝突不一致的,代理人只能盡力為之,而代理人的決策與行為究竟是自私自利還是盡忠職守,從不同的立場來看也有不同的評價。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">所以除了我們在「你是委託人還是代理人」的討論中得到的小小結論(扮演好自己的角色)之外,<span style="color: purple;"><b>我們還要有更多的同理心來理解對方的經歷、體諒對方的立場、接納對方的價值觀,並且採取更寬廣、更長遠的框架來檢視看似衝突的論點。</b></span>也就是說,要意識到<b><span style="color: red;">「我有可能是錯的」</span></b>、<b><span style="color: red;">「對方有可能是對的」</span></b>以及<b><span style="color: red;">「對與錯、好與壞並非絕對的」</span></b>。因為<span style="color: #990000;"><b>在我看來是對的事,換個角度看也許就是錯的;而現在看起來是好的事情,未來也有可能變成壞的。</b></span><b><span style="color: purple;">好壞對錯往往是變動不居的,參透這一點便能保持心情的寧靜。而面對各種衝突時,清澈澄明的心靈,往往就是解決問題最好的方法。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<b style="color: blue;">五、隱形的委託人</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">目前為止,我們常常拿商業領域中的委託代理問題,來類比日常生活中常遇到的角色衝突,不過兩者還是有一些相異之處。職場或商業領域中的委託代理關係,大多是明確的、經過雙方同意的,甚至有具體合約的;而<b><span style="color: #990000;">日常生活中的委託代理關係則常常是曖昧不明的、一廂情願的,以及極度缺乏溝通的</span></b>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">具體來說,老闆是自願付錢雇用員工來擔任自己的代理人,而職員也是自願接受並完成老闆的委託以賺取薪水,這是雙方都知道也都同意的。相對地,父母並不一定有要求子女孝順,兒女也沒有要求父母犧牲、夫妻也不曾要求另一半要事事以自己的需求為優先。但身為子女、父母或伴侶,我們就想這麼做,而且常常做過頭。<b><span style="color: purple;">某個層面來說,我們是一廂情願擔任對方的代理人,不但揣摩上意而且沉浸在自我犧牲的內心小劇場裡。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GBOFHnojt5E/XEQPht8GrkI/AAAAAAAAgos/RG0lU5SbhrA0Nr35IZwpyMdJ377ZLADbwCLcBGAs/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="266" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GBOFHnojt5E/XEQPht8GrkI/AAAAAAAAgos/RG0lU5SbhrA0Nr35IZwpyMdJ377ZLADbwCLcBGAs/s400/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">我們想像出一位<span style="color: red;"><b>「隱形的委託人」</b></span>與他「隱形的需求」,然後自顧自地盡忠職守、死而後已。如果雙方的利益是一致的當然很好,但現實就像我們前面討論過的一樣,充滿了角色和利益的衝突,導致最後我們不得不自我犧牲。如果犧牲自己能夠成就心愛的人,那也算是實現人生的意義,但我們犧牲自我所付出的若不是對方需要的,那不是「死得很冤枉」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">除了上述那種因為缺乏溝通加上自我中心式的付出,所自行塑造出來的隱形委託人之外,另一種隱形委託人則是所處文化或社會期待下的產物。例如:孝順父母、提供心愛的人物質享受、追求學歷、擁有穩定的工作、超時加班、籌畫誇張的求婚、提供無微不至的照顧,都可能是隱形委託人(社會文化)委託給我們的工作,而我們卻沒有意識到自己一直在替「隱形委託人」工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;">最後一種隱形委託人是「過去的自己」的各種變形。例如:想要彌補各種童年的匱乏經驗、想要不負過世親友的期待,或想要避免再次經歷過去的挫敗…等,都可能成為我們的隱形委託人,導致我們一直活在過去的陰影、為過去的人事物而活。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">亨利‧大衛‧梭羅(<span lang="EN-US">Henry David Thoreau</span>)說:「大多數人都過著沉默而絕望的生活,行將就木之際,還未唱出心裡的生命之歌。」</span></b>原因之一可能是我們一輩子都在為隱形委託人工作,而未能活出自我。能夠察學隱形委託人的存在,並破除自己的迷思,才能真正地唱出生命之歌。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-82m0YBl-HiY/XEQRYFmn-2I/AAAAAAAAgpA/NmcNVGUWN4gNqsn_8vgnrqt0AYtnAG8IQCLcBGAs/s1600/20180416_15239283572277.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="450" height="223" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-82m0YBl-HiY/XEQRYFmn-2I/AAAAAAAAgpA/NmcNVGUWN4gNqsn_8vgnrqt0AYtnAG8IQCLcBGAs/s400/20180416_15239283572277.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">委託代理問題不只是金融、管理或經濟領域中的核心問題,更清楚描繪了真實人生中的混亂與角色衝突。雖然在生活中,我們會扮演各種委託人與代理人,但不要忘記了,我們都是自己的委託人與代理人。</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: purple;">身為自己的委託人,我們要搞清楚自己真正想要的是什麼、設定合理的目標、給予自己足夠的資源與支持,最後相信自己、授權自己並給自己一段時間去追求目標</span></b><span style="color: #00000a;">;而</span><b><span style="color: #990000;">身為自己的代理人,我們要不斷釐清自己的需求與目標、發揮自己的特質與專長、專注追求人生的長期利益,不因一時的短視近利而偏離目標。</span></b><span style="color: #00000a;">雖然事情的成敗該由委託人還是代理人負責,並無明確答案,但是身為自己人生的委託人兼代理人,絕對要為自己負責。</span></span></span></span>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-70819827263662224462019-01-19T07:14:00.000-08:002019-01-19T07:14:47.044-08:00學習樂觀,樂觀學習》馬汀‧賽利格曼:解釋型態<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">根據正向心理學大師馬汀‧賽利格曼研究,樂觀的人和悲觀的人對於好事壞事的「解釋型態」有系統性的不同:</span><br />
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悲觀的人習慣將壞事解釋為「永久性的」、「普遍性的」與「內在化的」;好事則解釋為「暫時性的」、「特殊性的」與「外在化的」</span></b>。這些歸因形態會使人自尊低落、缺乏希望感 ( 較多無助感 ) 、不努力學習以改變現狀或成長。</span><br />
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樂觀的人將壞式解釋為「暫時性的」、「特殊性的」與「外在化的」;好事則解釋為「永久性的」、「普遍性的」與「內在化的」</span></b>。這些歸因形態會使人自尊提升、增加希望感 ( 較少無助感 ) 、願意學習以改變現狀或成長。</span><br />
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然而<b><span style="color: blue;">過度樂觀會使人過度自信、產生正面幻覺、置自己於「成功慣性陷阱」或「隨機致富陷阱」之中</span></b>,適度的悲觀則可以避免上述問題。所以<span style="color: purple;"><b>我們應該在遇到壞事實,練習樂觀以對,遇到好事時,提醒自己採用建設性悲觀的策略,以達到樂觀與悲觀的中庸之道</b></span>。</span><br />
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推薦:<b><span style="color: red;">馬汀‧賽利格曼《學習樂觀,樂觀學習》遠流</span></b></span><br />
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</span>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-29928032533440742042018-07-23T04:29:00.002-07:002018-07-23T04:31:41.493-07:00重建生命的內在模式 閱讀心得<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">《重建生命的內在模式》本書作者佛弗瑞.楊與珍妮.克露斯克兩位將認知和行為技巧結合精神分析和經驗治療發展出人生困境治療法。人生困境會讓我們以不正確的眼光來看待某些特定情況,且這種模式來自於童年影響深遠,如同書中例子,即使貌似擁有了一切,美滿的婚姻、崇高的社會地位、眾人的尊敬、成功的事業……還是不相信自己擁有的成就是真實的。而人生困境治療法透過不同的行為性的功課及面質以產生改變。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">那如何了解自己遇到的人生困境是什麼呢?在本書第二章有「人生困境評估表」來評量</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">種困境。作者特別提出人生困境的三個核心特徵:</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">1、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是終生性的模式或議題。</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、有自我傷害性。</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、它會不斷奮力保持自身的存活性,也就是說人生困境會一直影響著我們且對我們有傷害。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">人生困境主要是在童年時期發展產生的瓶頸。以下用表格方式來說明孩童發展與產生的人生困境,以及可能產生的狀態。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">孩童發展</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">人生困境</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">狀態</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">基本安全</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">被人離棄</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">感覺不到任何安全感,自己很容易受傷,心情緊繃、喜怒無常</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">和他人的關係相連</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">被剝奪感</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">感覺沒有人深入了解你,關係你;或是覺得不屬於任何地方</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">自主性</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">過度依賴</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">脆弱不安</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">覺得自己沒能力,需依賴他人的引導,擔心災難隨時來臨</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">4</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">自尊心</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">缺陷自輕</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">失敗自卑</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">感覺自己有缺陷,相較於同儕自己是失敗的</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">5</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">自我表達能力</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">屈從討好</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">超高標準</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">犧牲自己的需求與欲望來迎合他人需求,或享樂會讓你感到羞恥</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">6</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">現實生活的限度</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">我有特權</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">太過在意自己的需求,完全不顧慮他人</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">在因應困境我們通常採用這三種形式,分別是:投降、逃離、反擊。投降是不斷複製童年時的狀態,想維持在習慣的角色和他人看待我們的方式。逃離是避免自己面對人生困境,否認自己的感覺,一感受到就想離開那個困境中的感受。反擊則是說服自己與其他人相信,和困境相反的狀況才是好的,想讓自己是很完美的狀態,然而,心裡卻是脆弱不堪一擊的。無論是哪一種方式,都可以學習改變這樣的形式,讓自己回到健康的狀態中。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">改變是一條荊棘之路,因此,作者提供七大改變方式的哲學信念,讓改變會容易一些:</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">一、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們相信所有人,在內心都有一部分是希望獲得快樂和成就。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">二、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們假設,只要有幾個基本「需求」或「欲望」獲得滿足,就可以讓我們朝向更快樂的人生。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">三、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">針對人生困境改變方式的核心假設是,只要是人,都可以用非常基本的模式來獲得改變。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">四、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們對於核心改變有強烈的抗拒傾向。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">五、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們多數人對躲避痛苦有強烈傾向。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">六、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們不相信只要靠單一方法,就可以成功地改變。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">七、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">對於改變的最後一個假設是,我們需要創造出個人未來展望。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">雖然在改變的過程中,常常是進三步退二步,也沒辦法看到非常明顯的進度,但透過向自己面質,挑戰自己,以自己可以接受的速度來改變,只要有耐心,所有堅持,最終能達成你想要的自己,詩人艾略特《四個樂章》:「我們不應停止探索之旅,在所有所有的最終,我們會到達最初,一個首次發現的最初。」將本書推薦給想改變、讓自己更好的你。</span></span></div>
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-67636918861397306862017-10-10T08:02:00.000-07:002017-10-10T09:56:43.627-07:00讓現實更美好的《遊戲化實戰全書》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rq1xr43OBCk/WdzcJ61JMPI/AAAAAAAAgP4/NBXU1l3c5_I3-6x9uz0KyGKY_47I7ZF1wCLcBGAs/s1600/640_31c23668d912da34665ccbbf013e16f9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="640" height="150" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rq1xr43OBCk/WdzcJ61JMPI/AAAAAAAAgP4/NBXU1l3c5_I3-6x9uz0KyGKY_47I7ZF1wCLcBGAs/s400/640_31c23668d912da34665ccbbf013e16f9.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">周郁凱(<span lang="EN-US">Yu-Kai Chou</span>)</span></b>在<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年決定退出《暗黑破壞神<span lang="EN-US">2</span>》之後,徹底感到空虛與憂鬱:「我花了數千小時累積經驗、升級、贏得更多金幣、收集更佳裝備……現在卻一無所有。過去這幾年我花在遊戲上的所有時間,真的毫無意義嗎?<b><span style="color: purple;">如果我將這些時間拿來學習新語言,或者拉小提琴呢?這樣我會在現實世界中成為『高手』,而非只是在逃避現實的數位世界中而已。</span></b>」</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fxoh_6BKKBo/WdzdEnfEnhI/AAAAAAAAgQE/pKDueAp7XOsLg2gjStEhSWhTo5vhD9eQwCLcBGAs/s1600/20170309_LI_fndjoavbad1_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="650" height="276" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fxoh_6BKKBo/WdzdEnfEnhI/AAAAAAAAgQE/pKDueAp7XOsLg2gjStEhSWhTo5vhD9eQwCLcBGAs/s400/20170309_LI_fndjoavbad1_0.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">他正在經歷著名未來學家暨另類實境遊戲設計師─<b><span style="color: blue;">珍‧麥高尼格(<span lang="EN-US">Jane
McGonigal</span>)</span></b>─在<b><span style="color: blue;">《遊戲改變世界,讓現實更美好》</span></b>之中提過的「<span style="color: purple;"><b>玩家之悔</b></span>」。<b><span style="color: purple;">只要一想到玩遊戲的時間可以幹許多別的事,一種突如其來的可怕空虛感就會緊緊抓住我們</span></b>。打完一款遊戲後的興高采烈,總是伴隨著空虛感帶來的一絲絲刺痛。做一些更困難、更具挑戰性、更有成效的事情,會不會過得更好些?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">沉浸在虛擬世界中,讓人感到無比的專注與愉悅,不捨離去;回到現實世界裡,卻讓人無比空虛與憂鬱,後悔不已;有時「擺脫」某些最「熱愛」的遊戲,甚至讓人如釋重負、重獲自由。(你不一定玩過電玩遊戲,但也許你追過劇集、迷過小說。就是這種感覺!)遊戲就是這麼的弔詭,而玩家的行為也顯得如此矛盾。這到底是怎麼一回事?</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">每個人都喜歡玩遊戲,不論是電玩遊戲、桌上遊戲,還是從小玩到大的實境遊戲(例如捉迷藏、鬼抓人、扮家家酒)。因為遊戲讓我們有機會:</span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="color: #cc0000;">主動挑戰障礙</span></u></b>:充滿動機、專注投入、發揮潛能與創造力。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="color: #cc0000;">保持正向樂觀</span></u></b>:期待成功、不怕失敗,享受過程而非只是追求結果。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><u>發揮生產力</u></b></span>:擁有明確的目標、可操作的步驟,和生產力的保證(努力一定會有收穫),讓人產生工作的目的感與意義感;立即且生動的回饋,則讓人實際感受到成就感,以及對環境產生的影響力。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><u>建立社會連結</u></b></span>:拆除社交高牆,從共享虛擬環境的「社會臨場感」到協同創造、共同解決問題的團隊合作,滿足不同程度的社交需求。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><u><b>超越小我、追求大我的實現</b></u></span>:激發敬畏感與歸屬感,感覺自己是更大整體的一部份,認為自己的努力對整體的目的有所貢獻。</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">這些都是我們天生擁有的需求、我們渴望被滿足。相對於遊戲世界,在現實生活中則是:</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LyTFs-q4RUU/WdzexuOI28I/AAAAAAAAgQY/lon4vzme_kEum_xwFXine-YDUc-wjOAiACLcBGAs/s1600/FIO7-fyfeutq0969868.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="640" height="288" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LyTFs-q4RUU/WdzexuOI28I/AAAAAAAAgQY/lon4vzme_kEum_xwFXine-YDUc-wjOAiACLcBGAs/s400/FIO7-fyfeutq0969868.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">充滿著千篇一律、平淡無奇的例行工作。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">失敗通常伴隨著痛苦與懲罰;要求我們忍受難受的過程、追求遙不可及又無法保證的成功。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">缺乏明確的目標與可操作的步驟,常常讓人覺得徒勞無功;缺乏立即且生動的回饋,讓人缺乏成就感與存在感。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">人際關係可能愈來愈疏離,或者人際互動充滿愈來愈多算計、惡性競爭,帶來更多的人際壓力與風險。</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">愈來愈強調個人成就與利益,缺乏與大我的連結和歸屬。</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">正是因為現實生活無法滿足我們天生的渴求,所以我們才會那麼想逃到遊戲的世界去。</span></b>不過我們畢竟生活在現實世界中,偶爾的遊戲雖然有助於提振精神和自我激勵,但過度的逃避與放縱則會讓人需耗資源、喪失現實感,弊多於利。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: purple;">我們真正需要的,是一種超越短暫愉悅感與成就感,而能提供持久正向情緒的遊戲。</span></b>更甚者,<span style="color: blue;"><b>我們需要學習遊戲之所以那麼激勵人心的秘密,運用在真實世界中,亦即將現實生活給「遊戲化」。</b></span>那麼現實世界將會更美好,我們將不用再遁逃到虛擬世界中尋求慰藉,而是迫不急待地投入真實生活當中。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">就在那次「玩家之悔」的體驗之後,周郁凱了解到他在尋找的遊戲就是人生:「如果我在自己的角色扮演遊戲中,我是角色之一,我決不會留在家鄉遊手好閒─在現實生活中這相當於花時間看電視、和朋友鬼混、讓夢想留在原地─當然不會這樣!</span><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><b>我會走到荒野之中,打敗怪物、獲取經驗學習新技能、累積資源、與具備同等技能的人結為盟友、從那些等級更高的人身上學習,以及嘗試征服讓人興奮的任務。</b></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">」</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">唯一的問題是,不像大部份的電玩遊戲,真實人生並不提供清楚的目標、提示你該怎麼做的視覺提示,或顯示目前進度的回饋機制。<span style="color: blue;"><b>我們必須設計自己的遊戲,包括明確的目標、有意義的任務,以及充滿創意的回饋系統。我們必須動手將人生轉為完整的冒險,讓身為玩家的自己在其中提升與成長。</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">周郁凱展開長達十年的追尋歷程,思考「<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><u>如何讓遊戲更有意義?</u></b></span>」以及「<b><u><span style="color: #cc0000;">如何讓人生更有樂趣?</span></u></b>」兩個發人省思的設計問題。<span style="color: purple;"><b>遊戲一旦更有意義,就成為真實的人生;而人生若能更有樂趣,也就無異於一場遊戲了吧!</b></span>這項醒悟讓周郁凱展開個人成長與創業的旅程。儘管當時他年紀尚輕,但<b><span style="color: blue;">多年來身為遊戲玩家的爭戰經歷,幫助他更快精通這場人生的新遊戲</span></b>,朝向「高級玩家」之路邁進。</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">周郁凱原創了「</span><b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><u>遊戲化八角分析框架</u></span></b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">」、「</span><b style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: #cc0000;">黑帽核心動力<span lang="EN-US">vs.</span>白帽核心動力</span></u></b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">」等全新概念,在全球推動遊戲化的開拓與實踐。他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">2015</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">年被評選為「最有影響力的遊戲化大師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">100</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">」中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">Top1</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">,並在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">2014</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">2015</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">年由遊戲化大會授予「年度最佳遊戲化大師」。著有</span><b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">《遊戲化實戰全書》</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">。</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span></span>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-88474533630294043512017-10-10T07:32:00.002-07:002017-10-10T07:32:54.519-07:00《動物本能》動物精神 & 非理性繁榮<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>動物本能(<span lang="EN-US">a</span><span lang="EN-US">nimal spirits</span>)</b></span>,或譯「<span style="color: blue;"><b>動物精神</b></span>」,原為凱因斯在其經典著作《就業、利息與貨幣的一般理論》中的核心概念。卻因過於抽象,且與當代主流經濟學牴觸,而遭遺忘。但缺少「動物本能」的凱因斯學派,只能算是平庸化的凱因斯學派。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>古典經濟學認為經濟活動源自於「理性經濟動機」,但其實許多經濟活動也受「非經濟性的動機」所支配</b></span>。<span style="color: purple;"><b>這些非經濟性的動機源自於本能性的心智運作模式,凱因斯稱之為「動物本能」,並認為「動物本能」是經濟波動(市場無效率)的主因、是非自願性失業的禍首,更是資本主義潛在不穩定性的來源</b></span>。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">例如,若依照理性的經濟動機行動,失業勞工應該願意接受較低的薪資,畢竟有收入總比沒收入好;但依照非理性的動物本能,失業勞工對較低薪資感到「不公平」的心理,讓他寧願失業也不願接受低薪工作機會。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">《動物本能》一書提出五個影響經濟最重要的動物本能,分別為<span style="color: blue;"><b>信心</b></span>、<span style="color: blue;"><b>公平</b></span>、<span style="color: blue;"><b>貪腐與蒙蔽誤導</b></span>、<span style="color: blue;"><b>貨幣幻覺</b></span>、<span style="color: blue;"><b>故事</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">古典經濟學也有提到信心,不過他們將信心視為人們在理性地分析手邊資訊後,對未來做出的一種預測或期望值。有信心,代表經分析後未來前景光明;沒信心,代表經分析後未來前途黯淡。這種說法隱含信心是思考與分析的結果、是理性的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">但你我都知道,當我們對某些人事物說出「有信心」時,是帶有「信任」和「完全相信」的含意的。<b><span style="color: blue;">當我們真正信任一個人時,往往會忽視某些資訊、不理性地分析資訊,或分析資訊後不理性地行動</span></b>。我們並不常根據客觀資訊採取行動,而是根據我們信以為真的事採取行動。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">由於大腦需耗費人體相當多的資源,所以大腦會盡量以最省力的方式運作。<b><span style="color: blue;">一旦我們相信一個人或一件事,便會停止搜集資料或理性分析,以便節省大腦資源</span></b>。故信心是超越理性的,而人們在做重大決定時往往需仰賴信心。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">堪稱決策分析之父的班傑明‧富蘭克林,曾用他發明的決策模型分析自己到底該不該結婚。他的方法是將結婚的優點及缺點分兩欄列出並加上權重,在經過一段時日的反覆思考與修改之後,分析的結果顯示結婚的缺點多於優點,所以他決定……還是要結婚!因為他對他們的婚姻「有信心」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">由於信心的非理性力量,我們可以看到當投資人對股市有信心時,往往不顧客觀資訊顯示股價已太高,還是拼了命的往裡跳;相反地,當投資人對股市失去信心時,不論股價有多低,仍然沒有人敢進場撿便宜。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">人們常常為了表達自己受到不公平的待遇,或懲罰那些待人不公平的人,而做出從理性經濟層面來看,損人不利己的行動</span></b>。正面的例子,如許多網友願意花費寶貴的時間與精力,人肉搜索霸凌事件、虐狗事件的施暴者,甚至架設網站、上街頭抗議、成立非營利組織,為不公義的事件討公道;負面的例子,如分手的情人傷害前伴侶、離職的員工破壞前公司信譽、花費超過損失的金額只為告倒違約的對手…等。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">上述這些例子的當事人(或許可稱他們為『復仇者聯盟』),都無法獲得經濟上的報償,甚至必須付出額外的資源從事復仇行動,但只要復仇成功,他們就會獲得大腦的報酬,產生快樂的感覺。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>在演化上,合作互惠有利於社群成員存活,而報仇雖然損人不利己,卻可避免自私者再犯,以及嚇阻其他人做出自私的行為</b></span>。故短期來看或從理性經濟層面來看雖然不理性,但長期而言卻帶來較好的結果。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">短期股價之波動受到投資群眾的「信心」影響,信心的本質是信任,而不公平的事件,例如馬多夫事件、連動債事件…等貪腐與蒙蔽誤導之行為,會減損投資群眾對市場的信任,進而影響短期股價波動。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>貪腐是指違法賺取利益的行為</b></span>,例如馬多夫…等龐氏騙局;而<span style="color: blue;"><b>蒙蔽誤導是指技術上合法但動機邪惡的經濟活動</b></span>,例如抵押資產證券化…等衍生性金融產品。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">古典經濟學派認為,若每個人能無阻礙地追求自己的最大利益,便可對總體經濟帶來最大利益。而資本主義的其中一個致命傷在於,<span style="color: blue;"><b>市場是由不理性的個人組成,而個人追求的其實不是自己的最佳利益,而是「自以為」的最佳利益</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">例如企業追求利益最大化,卻耗盡了地球環境的資源,大自然的反撲則使企業付出更大代價;例如金融業自以為創新衍生性金融產品,可增加自身報酬並將風險轉嫁給他人,殊不知在金融海嘯引發的骨牌效應中,自己就是其中一塊骨牌;例如個人為了追求經濟能力之提升而拼命工作,卻忽略了更重要的人際關係、身體健康、道德情操等,真正能帶來幸福快樂的事物。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>動物本能讓我們短視近利,所以完全放任市場自由運作是行不通的</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">其次,資本主義另一個致命傷在於,<span style="color: blue;"><b>經濟動機和寬鬆的制度會引誘人們從事貪腐與蒙蔽誤導行為,我們沒有自己想像的那麼道德崇高</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">為了賺錢,賣方不只會提供我們「真正需要」的東西,還會提供我們「以為需要」且會付錢購買的東西</span></b>。由於賣方的經濟動機比買方強烈,所以常常造成賣方利用「<span style="color: purple;"><b>資訊不對稱</b></span>」與「<b><span style="color: purple;">資訊壟斷</span></b>」來剝削買方。所以在資本主義中,消費者保護一直是重要議題,尤其是金融投資業,特別需要消費者保護。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">另外,<span style="color: blue;"><b>政府金融管理制度的鬆綁,會提供貪腐與蒙蔽誤導的機會,而少部份貪腐與蒙蔽誤導的行為未受到應有的懲罰,則會鼓勵更多人從事類似的活動</b></span>(例如銀行爭相發行衍生性金融產品)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">因為<span style="color: blue;"><b>貪腐與蒙蔽誤導行為造成的「財富效應」、「黑金效應」與「灰金效應」</b></span>(<span style="color: purple;"><b>意指透過投資、貪腐與蒙蔽誤導行為賺到的錢,會進一步增加投資的意願與金額</b></span>),<span style="color: blue;"><b>成為股市(經濟)泡沫的推動力量之一</b></span>。這也是每一次股市(經濟)泡沫不斷擴大時,都辦隨著檯面下的貪腐與蒙蔽誤導活動的原因。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">然而在股市(經濟)泡沫破滅之後,這些貪腐與蒙蔽誤導活動的一一現形,增加了投資群眾的「不公平感」,無異對市場「信心」給了一記重擊,則進一步加劇了股市的崩盤。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">貨幣幻覺是指<span style="color: blue;"><b>我們大多只從貨幣上的數字來衡量貨幣的價值,而非從貨幣的實質購買力來衡量貨幣的價值</b></span>,也就是說<span style="color: purple;"><b>我們常常忽略通貨膨脹的事實</b></span>。古典經濟學認為人們不存在貨幣幻覺,或凱因斯認為人們擁有完全的貨幣幻覺,皆與事實不符,實際上人們是擁有部份的貨幣幻覺。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">或者說經過資本主義長期的運作,<span style="color: blue;"><b>人們大多已經知道通貨膨脹的影響,但除非刻意思量,否則在財務決策上往往還是會忽略通貨膨脹</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">貨幣幻覺對投資市場的影響在於,投資人若只從名目報酬率來估算自己的投資報酬率,往往在股市(經濟)泡沫時其高估自己的資產增加比例,因為「財富效應」的影響則又投入更多資本在投資市場中,加劇投機泡沫的擴大。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">相對地,若股市崩盤伴隨著長期經濟不景氣與通貨緊縮,投資人也會高估資產雖水的程度,而更加省吃儉用、不願從事投資活動,則使經濟不景氣更嚴重。</span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PyoFst3C6SU/UmayulvymMI/AAAAAAAARWA/kxBuq063_us/s1600/627326_460574823964214_1042048138_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PyoFst3C6SU/UmayulvymMI/AAAAAAAARWA/kxBuq063_us/s400/627326_460574823964214_1042048138_o.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">人腦天生是以敘事方式來思考,把一連串具有內在邏輯和連續變化的事件,結合成一個故事</span></b>。以故事型態呈現的資訊使我們更容易理解、記憶,並進一步產生行動。「信心」、「公平」、「貪腐與蒙蔽誤導」和「貨幣幻覺」都是透過故事的包裝在影響著我們。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>人類以故事為基礎的敘事方式,使我們難以理解隨機性,因為隨機性無法放進故事中</b></span>。<span style="color: purple;"><b>我們常因為未能認知到,有些事就是隨機而不具任何邏輯與規則的,而犯下嚴重的錯誤</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>短期股價波動其實和基本面沒什麼關係,投資人並不知道市場正確的價位,也很少有投資人會花時間研究市場價位過高或過低</b></span>。<span style="color: purple;"><b>在影響短期股價波動的原因上,故事比事實重要。少數幾個故事影響我們的程度,遠大於大量相對客觀正確的數據與資料</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">例如,上市公司或股票承銷商,會向投資大眾訴說一個故事,把公司的歷史、產品及消費者見證娓娓道來。故事中通常不會討論數量或機率,也不會針對未來股利或盈餘說明股價是否合理。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">又例如,員工通常喜歡購買自家公司股票,只是因為他們聽過更多有關公司的故事。事實上他們因過度集中投資,而冒了極大風險。</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>從眾、口耳相傳 與
非理性繁榮</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qc7LOMfKQW4/Umaz2XwhKMI/AAAAAAAARWI/keGEZKbN6k8/s1600/5225_2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qc7LOMfKQW4/Umaz2XwhKMI/AAAAAAAARWI/keGEZKbN6k8/s400/5225_2.jpeg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b style="color: blue;">投資群眾對股市的「信心」</b>(樂觀或悲觀)<b style="color: blue;">,常常造成極端的股價波動</b>(泡沫或崩盤)。<b style="color: blue;">而群眾的「信心」以「故事」的型態呈現、以「口耳相傳」的方式傳染</b><b><span style="color: blue;">,就像流行病的感染一樣</span></b>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">不斷交換資訊是人類的基本特質,無論你在什麼地方,只要不是在專心工作、吃飯或睡覺的兩人以上,通常都是在講話。<span style="color: blue;"><b>傳遞最快的資訊是危險、食物來源、社群及其他成員的資訊,看看網路上充斥的資訊就知道,天災人禍、美食介紹和八卦消息通常散播最快</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">另外<span style="color: blue;"><b>具體的故事又比抽象的資訊容易流傳</b></span>,你應該很少看到<span lang="EN-US">facebook</span>上流傳微積分或統計的講解吧。關於微積分或統計課堂上發生的故事,道是常常四處流傳。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(換句話說,本文廣為流傳的機會微乎其微><,唉~~~)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">至於傳播的媒體,<span style="color: blue;"><b>印刷品、廣播、電視、網路都傳播速度或範圍都很厲害,但卻不容易影響群眾的行為</b></span>。<span style="color: purple;"><b>我們的行為深受周遭的人的行為,及面對面的資訊傳播所影響</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">假設你看了網路上的影評而決定去看一部電影,但還沒去看之前又聽了你的好朋友面對面向你抱怨這部影片有多爛,試問哪一種資訊對你的影響較大?應該是後者吧,但網路上的資訊是眾多網友的多數意見,甚至還有專業影評的專家意見,理應比一位朋友的資訊更具說服力才對啊。這便是口耳相傳與從眾的力量。</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tbdOqQrzOG4/Uma1aBPFDTI/AAAAAAAARWQ/kNsLhZULM6g/s1600/541955_559430430754550_1311095812_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tbdOqQrzOG4/Uma1aBPFDTI/AAAAAAAARWQ/kNsLhZULM6g/s400/541955_559430430754550_1311095812_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">綜合五種「動物本能」以及「口耳傳效應」,重視群眾心理的投資取向</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(空中樓閣理論)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">認為,投資人應該去注意在</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>投資大眾中流傳的「故事」,尤其是透過「口耳相傳」的故事,是否透露出投資大眾對市場的信心(或無信心)</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">,當此種信心(或無信心)達到某種極端,而導致投資人行為普遍一致時,代表趨勢即將反轉。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">就像心理醫師無法知道一個平常人有什麼心理困擾,但一位患有心理疾病而表現出極端行為的人站在心理醫師面前時,他就是能辨認出來;同樣地,<span style="color: blue;"><b>一位長期學習投資心理學的投資人,平日雖無法預測股價走勢,但在投資群眾呈現極端樂觀<span lang="EN-US">or</span>悲觀心理,與集體一致的投資行為時,他就是能辨認出來</b></span>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>《動物精神》天下文化</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">《葛林史班的非理性繁榮》時報</span></b></span></div>
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-35311369225157577722017-10-07T00:50:00.001-07:002019-03-07T16:24:07.465-08:00擁抱B選項》重新發現幸福<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">Facebook</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">營運長雪柔.桑德伯格與華頓商學院心理學教授亞當.格蘭特一起寫的這本書《擁抱</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">選項》,書的封面寫到「面對人生無法避免的失去與傷痛,我們仍可以鍛鍊韌性、重新發現幸福。」人生若是一所學校,失去是我們的必修課。我們都會遇到艱難的時刻。有時候能預料得到,但常常是措手不及。可能是與情人的分手、暴雨殘害我們的家園、意外的親人離世。人生無法事事如意,當我們想要的</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">選項不可得時,就好好把握</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">選項。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">名作家</span><span lang="EN-US">C.S.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">路易斯曾說:「從來沒有人告訴我,悲傷的感覺和恐懼如此相似。」理學家馬汀.塞利格曼研究我們習慣用什麼方式、以什麼角度來解釋發生在自己身邊的事?特別是每個人在生活中難免遇到的不愉快。</span>不同的解釋型態,對於面對負面事件產生悲觀或樂觀的想法。悲觀的三<span lang="EN-US">P</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">想法讓我們更難從失去中復原。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">把問題個人化</span><span lang="EN-US">(Personalization)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,也就是內在歸因,覺得一切都是自己的錯。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">普遍性</span><span lang="EN-US">(Pervasiveness)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,覺得生活的所有層面都完了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">(3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">永久性</span><span lang="EN-US">(Permanence)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,覺得一切都會一直那麼糟,不可能變好了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">而解釋型態是一種習慣性的思考方式,</span>可以經由後天學習。人是可能從創傷中復原,是可以渡過難關的。韌性是我們因應逆境的強度和速度,而且是可以培養的,韌性的重點不在於擁有脊柱,而在於如何強健脊柱周遭的肌肉。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">人總是避開痛苦的話題</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">心理學家有個「沉默效應」來說明避而不談傷心話題是常見的現象。然而,我們因為保持沉默,把家人、親戚、朋友都拒絕於門外。此外,沉默可能令我們更加痛苦,若能敞開心房談談創傷,能增進身心的健康。和朋友聊一聊,也能幫助家人、親戚、朋友更了解我們。協助受創的人最有力的作法,可以直接對他們說,我了解你的痛苦,我在你身邊。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">面臨創傷會產生無力感以及失去控制感,與其問這些創傷者需要什麼幫忙,不如直接去做些事。治療師梅根.德韋恩觀察到:「人生有些事情無法修復,只能承擔。」即使只是握住別人的手這樣小小動作,都可能有幫助。友誼不只是付出,還要能大方接受別人的關心。而我們身旁的人要理解悲傷沒有公訂的時程表,每個人的悲傷時間與悲傷方法都不一樣。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">坦誠自己不完美</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">齊克果:「人生唯有在回頭時才理解,但日子卻得往前過下去。」真正能幫助我們應付創傷、苦難、向前邁進的是自我慈悲的心態。心理學家克莉絲汀.聶夫說明自我慈悲是:你對朋友多仁慈,就秉持相同的慈悲心善待自己。我們因此能以關懷和諒解的態度面對自己的過錯,而非一味自我批評,感覺羞恥。我們都不是完美,允許自己犯錯。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們常常比我們想像中的脆弱,也比想像中的更堅強。面對生命中的苦難與打擊,我們會感到痛苦,並留下傷痕。但我們也可以有更柔軟的心面對生命。海倫.凱勒曾說:「當一扇幸福之門關起來時,自然會有另一扇門打開;但我們往往盯著那扇關著的門太久,以至於沒有注意到另一扇門早已為我們開啟。」</span>常常一個新的開始,是另一起點的結束。有時,人生的功課就是要將快樂的<span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">分鐘變成</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,而痛苦的</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年縮短成</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">分鐘。如書中說言:「悲傷雖會像浪濤般洶湧來襲,也會如潮水般退去。頂住波浪的我們並非僅是站在原地,某程度上我們變得更堅強。」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">人生中的不如意,我們可以努力修練莊子的最高境界『知其不可奈何而安之若命』,也就是莊子在人間世中提到:「我們應該做到不讓任何的悲傷或快樂攪擾動盪一己之內心,知道有些事情是自己無能為力的,那就把它當作是命中註定好會發生般地安然接受,這就是德行的最高境界。」《人情》</span></span><br />
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-48385024276328827482017-09-04T20:35:00.002-07:002019-03-07T16:24:32.855-08:00閱讀實踐力訓練》遊戲化人生戰略<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="color: purple;">一、</span></strong><strong><span style="color: purple;">簡介</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">我們熱愛閱讀與學習,我們之所以看書不是為了娛樂消遣、也不是為了考試考證照,更不是為了求得一官半職或加官晉爵。我們不當閉門造車、獨學無友,或者鎖在象牙塔裡死讀書的書呆子。我們相信透過閱讀而學習到的知識可以在生活中實踐,進而培養出生命的智慧。真正的學習必須能夠</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">促成行動</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">、</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">解決問題</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">和</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">造成改變</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">這是一個由短期課程(每期2~6週,每週1堂課)組成,同時可以</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">長期持續參與之終身學習社群。我們精選優良讀物為主軸、以科學的「</span><strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">投資心理學</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">」、「</span><strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">正向心理學</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">」與「<b>樂齡心理學</b>」最新研究成果為學習焦點,透過閱讀的實踐,以及社群成員們正向的人際互動,一起在財務、工作、生活及人際關係上,朝成功智富又幸福快樂邁進</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">。</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">二、本期課程資訊</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">9/19(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">9/26(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">10/3(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">地點:忠孝西路一段</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號(詳細教室編號,報名完成後以E-mail或手機簡訊告知)</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US">9/19(</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">【八角框架:遊戲化不只是點數、徽章、排行榜】</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">「遊戲化」是一種將常見於遊戲之中的樂趣與參與元素,仔細應用於現實世界或生產活動的本領。然而,只是將某件無聊的苦差事加上</span><span lang="EN-US">PBL</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">(點數、徽章、排行榜),是無法讓它自動變得令人興奮的。沒有深入使用者的動機因素,而直接運用最常見的「遊戲元素」,只會造就膚淺的使用者體驗。真正的遊戲化設計要把使用者動機放在首位,重視使用者的體驗與感覺,而非運用遊戲機制和包裝來達成設計者的目標。想像一個在「必須做」與「希望做」的事情之間沒有分隔的世界。在這個世界中,每件事情都充滿樂趣與吸引力,你每天早上醒來都在迎接新挑戰,在強大的動機因素下,苦工有了新意義,這正是優秀的遊戲化設計能夠創造的前途與願景。</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9/26(</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">【商業遊戲化:產品、工作場所、行銷】</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;"> 今日人們已被網際網路帶來的快速滿足寵壞,加上遊戲帶來的大量授權與即時回饋,以及隨時與社群網路保持連線。使用者、顧客與員工們已經難以忍受設計不佳、沒有考量他們動機的產品了,尤其當他們有眾多競爭產品可供選擇的時候。一項產品只是擁有很棒的科技與功能性是不夠的,還必須非常引人興奮、沉迷使用,且迫切想與朋友分享他們的體驗。相同道理,如何創造合適的環境與系統,激發工作者的能力與期待,為某件值得的目標變得充滿動力與幹勁?或者,如何建立完整的行銷生態系統,讓行銷人與顧客經由多種互動,享受愉快與持續投入的體驗?這些都是商業領域的遊戲化。</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-US">10/3(</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">【生活遊戲化:職涯、生產力、教育】</span></b></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">既然遊戲化很能激勵人們從事某些活動,為什麼不能用來激勵自己呢?現代的許多科技讓生活遊戲化更加可行與受歡迎。像是大數據、穿戴式科技、量化自我、物聯網等,將我們所做的每件事紀錄下來,以便自己追蹤、優化自己的生活方式。遊戲化的生活應用包括:管理工作清單、增加運動量、準時起床、健康飲食、或學習新語言等。我們可以將追求人生目標的整體性活動給遊戲化:</span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">找到自己的遊戲</span><span lang="EN-US">→(2)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">分析自己的初步數據</span><span lang="EN-US">→(3)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">擬定自己的技能發展計劃</span><span lang="EN-US">→(4)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與盟友結盟</span><span lang="EN-US">→(5)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">找到正確的關卡</span><span lang="EN-US">→(6)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">在遊戲中勝出。一旦遊戲變得更有意義,它就成為你的人生;一旦人生變得更有樂趣,它就變成一場遊戲!</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">三、進行方式:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">第一階段19:00~20:10 深度閱讀:由團體帶領人引言,講師發表</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;"><b>課程</b></span><b style="line-height: 20.79px;">主題</b><span style="line-height: 20.79px;">演說/</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">授課。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">第二階段20:20~21:30 閱讀實踐:由團體帶領人引領參與者</span><b style="line-height: 20.79px;">,</b><span style="line-height: 20.79px;">進行</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">討論、分享、應用與實踐。</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">四、延伸閱讀 / 推薦書單:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《遊戲化實戰全書》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《善用遊戲因子,解決各種問題》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《不懂魔獸世界,你怎麼當主管》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《從思考、設計到行銷,都要玩遊戲!》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《企業遊戲化》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《遊戲改變世界,讓現實更美好!》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《動機,單純的力量》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《就是要說服你》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《影響力》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《快思慢想》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">《誰說人是理性的》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">《鉤癮效應》</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">五、報名方式與費用</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: , serif;">一次報名三堂課,共1</span><span lang="EN-US">,950</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">元。9</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">/12(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">前報名繳費。</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">六、報名流程</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(一)9/12(二)前,填寫以下報名表並送出</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(二)收到E-mail(優先)、LINE訊息或手機簡訊回覆(含教室地點及匯款資訊)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(三)完成匯款繳費後,以</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">E-mail(優先)、LINE訊息,或手機簡訊</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">告知完成繳費及帳號後五碼。</span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>七、授課教師 / 團體帶領人:</b></span><strong><a href="http://wfhstudy.blogspot.tw/p/blog-page_3.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">周舜欽</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></strong>& <strong><span style="color: blue;">簡均羽</span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/sixsand">歡迎免費訂閱:Life心理學講堂〈請按此〉</a></span></strong><br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="720" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/embeddedform?formkey=dE51V0FnSUVEdE0taEdKVEh5bUNJRFE6MQ" width="550"></iframe>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-30537110692175081372017-09-03T18:59:00.001-07:002019-03-07T16:25:21.905-08:00當投資理財遇見心理學》現金&保險(未完成)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">莫非定律說:可能會出錯的地方,一定會出錯。依我看,莫非可能還太過樂觀,若說「壞事總是發生在好人身上」也不為過。古希臘人對命運女神的形容是:「沒有什麼事情是命運女神不敢做的」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">曾經有一位退休老師領了退休金之後,在保險業務員的慫恿之下,將大部分的退休金拿來買投資型保單,他的說法是「反正這筆錢我也用不到」。誰知道在繳了幾年後,沒畢業的兒子把別人的肚子給搞大了。原本結婚也不是什麼大不了的事,但是對方家長對於未婚懷孕這件事大為光火,極為強勢地提出非常高額的聘金及多項要求。這位退休教師原本就自覺理虧,又面對如此強勢的親家,只好咬緊牙關、照單全收。為了支付兒子的結婚支出,退休老師只好將繳了幾年的投資型保單解約,而拿到手地現金少得超乎他的想像,一半以上的退休金全都不翼而飛,剩下的錢則全都拿來支付兒子的結婚費用,以及緊接而來的育嬰費用。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">生活本來就充滿著風險,什麼時候會用到錢,只有天知道。所以穩健理財的守則之一就是:讓自己擁有現金和保險。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現金儲備</span> </b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&</span> </b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流動性風險</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">對抗無法預測又會產生極大衝擊的「黑天鵝事件」,最好的方式就是足夠的「備餘」。如果單純就財務方面來說,就是要有足夠的現金儲備,這筆儲備金能夠支應你三到六個月的生活所需(包含定期和不定期的預估支出),以降低你的「流動性風險」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">流動性風險的定義是「將資產變現時,產生損失的可能性」;從字面上解釋則比較平易近人,流動性風險就是你的錢缺乏流動性、被卡死了。而錢為什麼會被卡死呢?通常是因為金融商品的契約規定,或者因為市場缺乏效率所造成的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">例如,當你將一筆錢拿去買定存,需要提前解約時,會損失部分利息;當你買了二十年的儲蓄險或投資型保單,需要提前解約時,也會需要支付違約金。當你買了一棟房子,急需出售變現時,可能短時間賣不出去,而不得不降價求售;同樣的,如果你想賣掉手上交易量不大的股票,有可能因為賣不出去而產生損失。這些都是流動性風險。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流動性風險不能小覷,為了追求較高的報酬率而犧牲流動性風險,或者因為忽略生活的不確定性所產生的「計畫謬誤」(高估自己對未來的掌握度),都是很危險的。所以每當你要做出十年二十年的財務規劃時,例如繳二十年的保單,或者二十</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三十</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">四十年的房貸時,一定要考慮流動性風險,在手上留有足夠的現金,以應付個人的黑天鵝事件。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現金部位</span> </b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&</span> </b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">資產配置再平衡</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">雖然現金儲備很重要,但是你的理專、營業員、保險經紀人或投資顧問可能會告訴你,應該將資金最有效率的應用以對抗通貨膨脹,若保留現金部位而不投資,就會降低整體投資組合的報酬率、付出龐大機會成本(意思是本來可以賺而沒賺到的,就等於相對損失了)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">關於這個問題,我提出兩點個人的看法。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">第一,追求「效率」(把資金做最有效的運用)這件事情,是建立在我們可以預測未來這個假設上。因為預測有一筆錢在未來二十年都用不到,所以投入二十年期的儲蓄險;因為預測房價只漲不跌,或者預測在未來二十年自己工作收入會穩定成長,且不會有意外的大筆支出,所以投入二十年或更長的房貸。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">然而未來之所以叫做未來,就是因為它無法預測。依賴精準預測的投資方式是很「脆弱」的,它經不起波動和意外等隨機或混亂因子;相對的,如果你採用「備餘」這種「非預測式」(或者預測成分較低)的投資方式,你就會顯得「強固」(不受波動和意外等隨機或混亂因子的影響),或甚至顯得「反脆弱」(能從波動和意外等隨機或混亂因子中獲益)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">舉例來說,如果你有多餘的現金(也許再加上囤積一些罐頭、乾糧和金條等可交易的物品),那麼你就不需要精準地知道,到底哪些事件會造成你生活困難,以及何時會發生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">追求財務效率和背負債務(貸款的同義詞)的人非常依賴預測,而預測的成本很高,也就是你會以「變得脆弱」做為代價。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">第二、保留現金部位,不必然會使你的投資組合報酬低落。在上述「非預測式」的投資方式中,最具代表性的投資方式之一,就是「資產配置再平衡」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「資產配置」的意思是,依照你的投資目的和期間長短、(客觀的</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">財務上的)風險承受度,和(主觀的</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">情緒上的)風險忍受力等考量因素,將資金依比例配置到現金、債券、不動產及股票等各種資產類別當中。資產配置的好處是可以分散風險,因為不同資產類別的價格漲跌不完全同步,充分分散的資產配置便可降低投資組合的整體風險。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">而「再平衡」的意思是指每隔一段時間(例如一年或更久),便將偏離原先規劃的資產配置,透過買賣交易,使其恢復到原先的資金比例配置。例如原先規劃將</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬資金的</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(也就是</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬)投資在股票,另外</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(也就是另外</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬)投資在債券。經過一年價格漲跌之後,你的股票部位漲到</span><span lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,而債券部位跌到</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,整體投資組合漲到</span><span lang="EN-US">110</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬。這時再平衡就意味著,賣出</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的股票部位和買進</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的債券部位,使得資產配置又恢復到</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(這時候是</span><span lang="EN-US">55</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬)的股票,以及</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(這時候是</span><span lang="EN-US">55</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬)的債券。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">Ps.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">資產配置再平衡的方法很多,除了上述的方法之外,如果你剛好需要用錢,可以單純賣掉</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的股票而不買債券,或者賣掉</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的股票但只買</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的債券。另外,如果你想增加投資部位,可以單純買進</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的債券而不賣股票,或者賣出</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的股票但買進</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的債券。多種方法都可以使資產配置再回到</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">股票和</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">債券的配置。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">再平衡的好處就是可以在「不用預測」的情況下,執行「買低賣高」這個眾人皆知卻難以做到的投資技巧。因為有紀律地買低賣高,長期下來你的投資報酬就能勝過平均報酬。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">現金是四大資產類別之一,充分分散的資產配置本來就會包含現金部位,這樣一來不但可以降低整體風險,透過再平衡也能增加長期報酬率。況且因為我們無法預測未來,所以重壓在高風險高報酬的資產類別而不保留現金部位,最終也很有可能因為黑天鵝事件而導致更重大的損失。</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保險的起源與精神</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">保險的目的和現金儲備一樣,甚至是為了應付更大、更無法預測的意外事件與經濟支出。許多理財書籍都會建議大家要買保險,以防萬一,但在此之前有一個重要的前提必須說明,那就是台灣擁有獨步全球的全民健保(不論是對人民的保障與福利,或是對國家財政的壓力與醫療浪費,都是獨步全球),所以一般國外的投資理財書籍所建議的基本投保額,包括房屋、汽車和勞保,台灣人早就已經具備了,實在不必要再買更多的商業保險。雖然上述的保險無法顧及所有面向,但人生的風險不可能完全消除,想要追求零風險是一種心理偏誤,往往會為此付出更多的代價。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">保險起源於英國教會,原本是某位教友家中發生重大事故時,基於宗教信仰與教友的情誼,其他教友各拿出一點錢來幫助該名發生事故的教友,完全心甘情願、不求回報,甚至是爭相提供資助。後來這個默契漸漸制度化,每位教友定期繳納一筆資金到共同的帳戶中,一旦有人符合申請的資格,便可從中獲得資助。一直到商人發現這是門好生意才開始將保險商品化,成為可以販售的衍生性金融產品。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">從保險的起源與精神來看,當時的狀況和現今的商業保險有非常大的不同。最早的保險制度,是基於人的惻隱之心,一般人即使沒有相同宗教信仰的力量,眼見情同兄弟姐妹的教友深陷危難,豈有不伸手援助的道理,在這種情況下根本不會在意這筆錢還拿不拿得回來。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">然而商業化的保險號稱將這種助人精神推而廣之,卻完全不符合人之常情,試想你付出一筆不小的辛苦錢,最後卻讓陌生人拿去用(其實大部分是被保險公司拿走),也不知道那個人身在何方、發生何事,這叫人如何能接受?這導致現代人買保險的一種奇妙的矛盾心理:「繳了錢卻沒出事,覺得很浪費;但是又希望自己平安健康」。因應這種矛盾心理,多元化的保險商品開始出現,強調繳出去的錢就算沒出事還可以拿回來,同時兼具保險和投資理財的功能。殊不知,功能愈多、愈複雜的保險商品,對個人財務傷害愈大、愈不保險。</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現代人買保險的四大理由</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣人雖然有全民健保等制度,但商業保險的盛行率卻是世界前幾大。根據統計資料顯示,台灣人保單持有率再</span><span lang="EN-US">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年就超過</span><span lang="EN-US">100%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,在</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年超過</span><span lang="EN-US">200%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(同時期中國大陸的保單持有率還不到</span><span lang="EN-US">20%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年更來到</span><span lang="EN-US">234%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。這是以總人口數來計算,扣除一些特殊人口之後,說一般人身上都有三、四張保單也不誇張。從保費收入佔</span><span lang="EN-US">GDP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的比例來看,台灣也常列名世界前三高。雖然每個人都在買保險,卻都買錯保險,或者對保險有著錯誤的期待,所以往往付出很多錢,卻達不到自己想要的效果。台灣人買保險往往出於以下這四大理由:買人情、買心安、買心意、買發財。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">買人情</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">台灣人買保險最常見的理由就是礙於人情,俗稱「人情保」。我們之所以買保險往往不是因為真的意識到自己有需要,比較常是你的家人、親戚、朋友、前同事,或大學、高中、國中、國小,甚至幼稚園同學,最近開始做保險,所以找你出來喝杯咖啡、吃個飯,或到家中拜訪你,假借關心你的近況,目的是向你推銷保險。這樣的劇情想必大家都不陌生吧。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">我們之所以「雖然不需要卻還是買了人情保」,主要的出發點是為了維持人際關係的和諧。畢竟人是社會性動物嘛,俗話說「人情留一線,他日好相見」;拒絕親戚朋友的要求需要很大的勇氣和智慧,除非接受過刻意的訓練或做好心理準備,否則一般人很難面對這樣的壓力。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">但實際的結果往往是,為了維持良好的人際關係而買的保險,卻成為破壞人際關係的原兇。因為親戚朋友來推銷保險,或者向親戚朋友買了保險,導致往後的衝突,這樣的經驗我想大家多多少少有過親身經歷或略有耳聞吧。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">我有一位朋友剛退伍不久後曾向我抱怨,他說我們的另一位共同朋友,已經好久沒見面了,最近突然要找他吃飯,說要聊聊近況。由於退伍後短短幾個月就已經有好幾位親戚朋友找他吃飯喝咖啡,結果不是拉保險的就是做傳銷的,所以他已有警覺心並感到相當厭煩,直接挑明著說他不想談保險傳直銷。對方再三保證絕對不會,所以我這位朋友又赴約了,結果聊沒兩句對方就開始談保險,搞得他火冒三丈,當場走人。這段關係再也沒有修復過。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心理學研究發現,人的日常行為往往不是受到其內在的人格特質的影響</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人格理論</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,比較多是受到外在環境的塑造</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">環境主義</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,或者不同人在不同環境下都會展現個人特定的行為模式</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">脈絡主義</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。所以,並非從事保險業的人道德人品有問題,而是任何人(包括我自己)只要進到保險業的工作環境中,那樣的產業文化和強烈的經濟誘因,便會不知不覺得影響我們的行為、侵蝕我們的靈魂。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">一旦受到產業文化和經濟誘因的影響,我們便會產生「合理化」和「自利偏誤」,明明是對自己有利的事情,卻打從心理認為其實是在幫助別人,在做對他人有利的事。所以一旦從事保險,雖然認為自己的行為很正常,旁人卻會感到莫大的壓力,漸漸地大家可能就會有意疏遠你。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">我的親身經驗是有一位大學的學妹,認識了好幾年了,雖然在校期間有許多的互動,但也不至於到逢年過節會互相慰問的程度。畢業後幾年我聽聞他開始從事保險業,過沒多久,每逢一些節日竟開始收到他的慰問簡訊和電子賀卡,我真是「受寵若驚」啊!如果這是他一貫的行為模式那當然很正常,但這樣的突然轉變卻會讓人有警覺心而感到壓力。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">根據我個人的經驗,如果聽聞親戚朋友開始做保險就刻意跟他保持距離,等到他離職(相信我,你不會等太久的,大多數人做保險大概三個月就離職了)再恢復交往,反而可以維持良好的人際關係。所以我當時就刻意跟這位學妹保持距離,沒有聯繫,果然之後見面她已離職,我們又能沒有壓力地來往了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最後,不知道大家有沒有發現,保險公司永遠都在招人,而且總是打著「高收入」、「幫助別人,成就自己」的口號。但是,又可以賺大錢,又可以做善事,這麼好的工作為什麼總是在缺人呢?其實保險公司不是在招「員工」,而是在招「客戶」。演化心理學推算,每人的背後最多可以有</span><span lang="EN-US">150</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個人際鏈結,所以保險公司招到一個員工,就等於招到</span><span lang="EN-US">150</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個潛在客戶。這個新進員工自己和家人會先買保險,再向親戚、朋友、前同事推銷保單,最後再找上大學、高中、國中、國小,甚至幼稚園同學關心他們的近況……等到自己的人際關係被耗盡,達不到業績就只好離職。但是保險公司口袋已賺飽,你離職是你家的事,再招新員工(客戶)即可。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">因為這樣的產業生態,導致台灣不只保單持有率高,從事保險業的比例也高,我敢說你問任何一個台灣人,他都有至少一個親戚朋友在做保險或做過保險。連我們一家四口中,就有兩位(我媽和我哥)做過保險。從來沒有看過哪個行業的從業比例這麼高的,真是太驚人了!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">所以,因為人情而買保險是為了維持良好的人際關係,但是卻往往達到反效果。光是和保險業務員來往就可能破壞你和他的關係,更不用說買了保險之後申請不到理賠、投資型保單或儲蓄險領回金額不如預期、甚至是保險業務員偽造文書或挪用保險金等各種保險糾紛與狀況,都可能造成人際關係的永久傷害,導致不留情面、對簿公堂的局面。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">買心安</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">以前還在公司上班的時候,常需要到偏鄉舉辦活動。有一次我們要到新竹後山司馬庫斯去,我們一行人租了一台九人小巴、請了一位駕駛,開車上山。通往司馬庫斯的山路不但蜿蜒崎嶇,而且非常狹窄又沒有護欄,往旁邊一看就是深不見底的懸崖,加上時不時會有濃霧出現,我們全都很緊張。其中一位同事就跟駕駛大哥說,大哥您慢慢開就好了,我們不趕時間,安全第一。這時活動的主要承辦同事馬上跳出來安撫大家說:「不用擔心,我有幫大家買保險!」這位同事的安撫讓我們哭笑不得,卻也道出了很多人買保險的第二個理由,買心安。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">我們有一種說出來非常不合理、不合邏輯的奇妙想法,卻常常是我們買保險的潛在心理動力,那就是覺得買了保險之後會讓我們更安全。再說具體一點,就是我們會覺得買了癌症險就不會得癌症、買了重大疾病險就不會生病、買了意外險就不會發生意外,按照這個邏輯,那豈不是買了人壽保險就不會死了?真是荒謬!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">其實買保險是事後的經濟補救措施,完全沒有事前預防意外發生的效果。買保險不但無法讓我們更安全,從心理學的角度來看,反而還會讓我們更危險。一旦我們覺得安全有保障時,往往就會太鬆懈而忽略危險的事物(反過來說,有一點小小的危險、干擾或壓力,反而會激發我們的注意力或專注力)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">例如,根據統計,和違規穿越馬路的行人相比,規規矩矩走有紅綠燈及斑馬線路口事故死亡率反而更高;完全自動化駕駛的飛機,事故率比需要一點點人工操作的飛機還要高;太過寬敞、筆直、平坦,以及有非常多提醒交通號誌的路段,比起狹窄、蜿蜒、路面凹凸不平,又沒有交通號誌的路段,事故死亡率要高;一群人一起旅行,比一個人旅行,行李遭竊的機率還要高。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">雖然不是每個人都如此,但就我而言,因為不買商業保險,反而讓我更重視日常生活的交通安全與健康保健。任何事情都一樣,事前預防的成本小、效果佳,事後治療的成本高、效果極差。就算出了車禍或得了癌症而拿到保險理賠了,情況又能好到哪裡去?雖然如此,要你獨排眾議不買保險,談何容易?因為我們大腦天生就被寫入了買保險的三大心理偏誤:損失趨避、錯估機率與害怕後悔。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">損失趨避</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">錯估機率</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">害怕後悔</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">所以,雖然保險沒有實際避免危險的功能,但是因為人類大腦天生有損失趨避、錯估機率和害怕後悔這三種心理傾向,在保險業務員的推波助瀾之下,很容易就會為了消除恐懼感(或增加安全感)而買保險。這就是我所謂的「保心安」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">買心意</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我的工作之一是社區大學講師,各社區大學從</span><span lang="EN-US">103</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年起便開始幫學生保險(部分學校是強制投保),而我的課程就只是在教室內講課,我真的不知道在教室中上課為何需要特別另外再投保。如果說連在教室內演講或聽講都需要額外再投保的話,那請問日常生活中還有什麼是不需要保險的?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社區大學之所以全面要求學生投保的原因,在於</span><span lang="EN-US">102</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年底某社大老師帶學生校外教學,不慎發生意外身亡,且事後發現部分學生並無保險。此事件不但震驚全國,各社區大學更如驚弓之鳥,立即採行全面替社大學生投保的做法。實際開始執行之後,每當學生問起為何要投保時,社大行政人員總是說「為了大家的安全」。這很明顯是犯了前述「買心安」的錯誤,投保並不會讓學生變得更安全,戶外教學前做好行前訓練、小心謹慎規劃行程、過程中隨時注意環境狀況與學員處境和行為、發生事故時立即正確處理……這些才是讓大家更安全的做法。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">不過安全還只是官方說法,社區大學或任何活動主辦單位幫學員或活動參與者投保最主要的原因,其實是為了避免負起經濟賠償責任與政治道德責任。學校或主辦單位即使在事前、事中、事後都沒有做太多提升學員安全的事,但只要有幫學員投保,萬一發生意外,便不會受到太多責罵或需要負起太多政治道德責任;反過來,即使非常認真規劃,努力提升學員的安全度,只要沒保險,發生意外後便要加倍承受罵聲與承擔責任。因為人們都有「後果偏見」,喜歡「以成敗論英雄」,認為結果好,做法就正確,結果不好,做法就錯誤。這種偏見只會加深官僚作風,並無法鼓勵真正有效的作為。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">類似的心態到人個人身上,就成了「買心意」這項令人匪夷所思的投保理由。許多人會為了表示自己很愛自己的伴侶而幫另一半買保險,為了表示自己愛子女就幫自女買保險,為了表示自己孝順父母就幫父母投保。這就和學校為了學生的安全而替學生投保一樣,「保心安」的邏輯完全說不通!學校幫學生投保大多是為了學校自己,而幫家人投保的人,也是愛自己多於愛家人,這點只要看看受益人是誰就知道了……</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">其實保險的主要功能就是「替代經濟損失」,也就是萬一發生意外,連帶產生經濟損失時,保險理賠就能補上這個缺口。請想想,還沒開始工作的子女不幸過世,會不會產生經濟損失?年邁甚至失能的父母不幸過世,會不會產生經濟損失?這兩種情況不但不會產生經濟損失,反而還會減少財務支出、減輕財務負擔。(有時還會有收入,例如:遺產。)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">當然,孩子或父母過世你會極度悲傷,但保險理賠並不能替代或減緩你的悲傷。孩子過世很痛苦,但領到保險金你就會比較不痛苦嗎?父母過世很難過,拿到保險金你就會比較快樂得起來嗎?如果你說,雖然不能替代我的悲痛,但領到一筆保險金也沒有什麼壞處啊?那麼請問,幫孩子或父母買保險的目的究竟為何?難道就是在他們死後可以領到一筆保險金嗎?這樣的理由如果從你口中說出來,你自己不會感到害怕嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">所以,如果你是家中的支柱,當你不幸身亡會為家中帶來經濟損失時,幫自己投保,才勉強能稱得上是愛家人的表現。然而實際又可以分成以下三種狀況:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">夫妻都有工作收入,沒有小孩。</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這種情況下,夫妻任一方過世雖然對整體家庭而言減少了收入,不過家庭支出也會減少。所以不太需要買保險,或者說需不需要買保險必須視實際的經濟損失和相對的支出縮減狀況來考慮。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">夫妻一人有收入,另一人無收入,沒有小孩。</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果是有收入的一方過世,對家庭而言當然會產生經濟損失,因為另一方長期離開職場,而使他就業或創造收入的能力和資源受限。所以有工作收入的一方是需要保險的。但比較容易忽略的是,沒有工作收入而是負擔絕大部分家庭工作的一方過世,對家庭而言仍會產生經濟損失,所以也需要保險。因為原本全職工作的一方,必定得減少工作分量,撥出一些時間精力來從事家庭工作,甚至就像長期脫離職場可能暫時喪失就業能力一樣,長期脫離家庭工作者也可能暫時失去自我照顧的能力,而需要額外支出來補足另一半過世所帶來的生產力損失。所以在一人從事全職工作,一人從事全職家庭工作的情況下,夫妻雙方都需要保險,或者說會比雙薪家庭(上述第一種情形)更需要保險。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有小孩,不論一人還是兩人有收入。</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這種情況下,由於有小孩需要扶養,夫妻雙方只要有一人過世,都會產生生產力損失或經濟損失,所以夫妻雙方都會需要保險,或者說比前兩種情況都更需要保險。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">上述三種情況中,有需要扶養的小孩如果體換成「需要扶養的父母」也是一樣的。只不過扶養父母可能有其他兄弟姊妹可替代,或者父母有良好的經濟能力和生活自理能力,所以情況又更多元了。但是其實評估的方式都一樣,就是以會不會產生(淨)經濟損失,來決定需不需要保險。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">上述的分析是針對身亡後給付的死亡壽險而言,如果是像醫療險或產物保險之類的,就要同時考慮:第一、是否會產生龐大的經濟損失;第二、是否受到損失趨避、高估事件發生機率,或害怕後悔等心理偏誤的影響;第三、就算會產生龐大經濟損失,能否以家庭積蓄與工作收入自行負擔這筆損失,而盡量不要依賴保險的支付。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">要知道,當我們以「替代經濟損失」為目的而投保時,是假設保險公司一定會理賠。然而保險公司不是政府單位也不是非營利組織,而是一間以賺錢為目的的公司,每天發生的保險糾紛多到數不清(這部分在後面會細講)。你將你賺的辛苦錢一點一滴地繳出去,當你需要理賠時可能連跪著求保險公司都不一定拿得到錢,這是何苦呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">在年輕沒有積蓄時,為了以防萬一,也許需要保險(最簡單的定期壽險)。一但你經過努力工作和儲蓄、正確地投資理財、盡量累積一些自己的資產之後,就不再需要投保了。真的發生意外時,便可拿自己的積蓄「自己賠自己」,這才是真正的「保障」。即使你的積蓄不多,萬一發生意外可能會讓你幾十年的積蓄全都花完,我都覺得比把希望寄託在保險公司身上好。畢竟錢乃身外之物,生不帶來死不帶去,不就是要用在這種重要時刻、花在刀口上嗎?錢只有花出去才會產生價值呀!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那麼如果經過理性評估,在尚無積蓄又需要保險來替代經濟損失時,該買多少保額呢?這時就要盡量精算經濟損失(及生產力損失)了。假設經濟損失是每年四十萬元,就要將這四十萬元除以4%,得出的數字(</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">÷<span lang="EN-US"> 4%</span>=<span lang="EN-US">1000</span>萬</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)就是可供參考的保額。4%這個數字是經過財務專家模擬統計的。如果你擁有一筆資金,在正確的投資下(如果能有6%~8%的年化報酬率),每年從中提領4%出來花用,那麼這筆資金至少可以維持三十年以上。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">上述的保額試算方法,是假設尚在人世的親人三十年內都無法自行增加收入以替代過世親人的經濟損失,這樣的計算已經非常足夠了。其實每個人都擁有非常驚人的求生潛能與生活適應力,就像電影《侏羅紀公園》中的名言「生命總會找到出路」一樣。雖然身為家中支柱的你,會擔心身後家人所面臨的經濟困難,但若因為憂慮不可知的未來而影響了目前的生活、工作和經濟狀況,那就是過度憂慮了(是一種有毒的情緒)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">美國幽默作家馬克吐溫曾說過:「我這一生充滿著許多不幸,但是大多數的不幸都未曾發生。」南加大特教系教授李奧‧巴斯卡力則說:「憂慮不能免除明日的不幸,只會削減今天的喜樂。」要克服過度憂慮是一項人生課題。為了肯定我們存活在這個世上的價值,人們常常會高估自己的重要性與不可取代性。媽媽會犧牲自己的休閒娛樂,全年無休地投入家庭工作,因為「如果沒有我幫他們煮飯,他們要吃什麼?」離職員工有的會不斷回原公司無薪工作,因為「如果少了我,公司如何難運作下去?」,有的則是因為同一個理由,走向另一個極端,等著看好戲:「少了我,看你們還能撐多久?」同樣地,身為家中支柱很容易高估自己的不可取代性、低估家人的適應能力,認為「沒了我,他們一定活不下去」。然而事實有時很傷人─媽媽離家幾天回到家,發現先生小孩全都過得很開心;公司沒了你絲毫不受任何影響;而你的過世雖然會為家人帶來極度的悲傷,不過他們還是能活得很好,甚至將這個人生重大事件化為生命的養分、活出更好的人生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">人們面對死亡的恐懼中,有很大一部分是放不下自己在世的責任、放不下尚存在世間的一切人事物。然而當生命終結的瞬間,這些憂慮都會同時消逝,你並不會在天國或冥界看著你的家人受苦而感到不忍或後悔不已,那都只是你現在的恐懼與情緒罷了。況且他們並不會像你想像中的那樣,少了你就完全沒有生存的能力。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">所以在計算家中支柱過世所帶來的經濟損失時,也要相信家人的自立能力。即使在遭逢意外之際,暫時需要經濟支援,但他們終有一天會回歸生活正軌。不要為了讓家人享有「足夠」的保障(到底多少才夠?),而投入超過自己能力範圍的保險,一來影響了現在的生活品質,二來也削減了為退休生活做準備的財務儲備能力(錢都拿去繳保險,而沒有以正確的投資方式累積退休金)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">總而言之,幫家人(父母、小孩)買保險不是一種愛的表現,幫自己買保險才是。(如果你意外身亡會對家庭產生淨經濟損失、目前尚無積蓄,而且不會因為買保險而嚴重影響現在的生活品質和未來的退休金儲備的話。這三個前題非常重要!)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">至於要買哪種保險?那就是接下來要講的部分了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">買發財</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">就像前面我們在談「保險的起源與精神」時提到的,現代商業保險的性質與最早保險制度的起源大不相同。雖然人類是社會性動物,有想要「互助互惠」的本能,但面對不知身在何處、也不知發生何事的陌生人,這種天性並無法被觸發。所以繳出去的保險費如果不是用在自己身上,便會覺得「很浪費」或覺得「虧本」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另外,在演化過程中,我們需要應付非常不穩定的食物來源,以及各種意想不到的突發狀況,導致我們的身體會本能性地節省各種資源運用,遵循「最小努力原則」來生活,講白話一點,就是人都會「懶惰」。而若依比例計算,僅佔全身體重量大約2%的大腦,卻需要耗費掉大約全身</span><span lang="EN-US">20%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的資源,占的耗能比例非常的大,所以經演化後的我們也會本能性的會想要節省大腦認知資源,而在日常生活中呈現一種「心智懶惰」的狀態,許多心理偏誤便因此產生。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心智懶惰的其中之一種表現方式,便是我們都有想要「一勞永逸」的心理需求。做決策或其他理性思考活動是很耗腦力的,為了節省大腦的資源,我們傾向於把大量資源</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(時間、精力、金錢)放在不用再額外做決策的地方。在財務上我們喜歡「終身險」、「年金險」、「定期定額」、或一套只須照做不須動腦的「神奇公式或策略」;在消費上我們喜歡「終身保固」、「終身會員」、「永久保證班」、或集各種功能於一身的「智慧型手機」、「信用卡」、「家電用品」;在工作上我們喜歡「公家單位」、「大公司」、「大組織」、「終身僱用制」、「追求學歷與證照」或者一個只須聽命行事不需動腦的職位。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">由於看到了人們有「繳出去的錢還想拿回來才不會虧本」,以及想要「一魚多吃」、「一勞永逸」等心理需求,許多具有投資理財功能的保單便被設計出來了。不知從何時開始,保險竟變成了一種投資工具,於是許多人買保險的理由變成想要投資賺錢,這就是我所謂現代人買保險的第四大理由「買發財」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">以下分析三種大家最常買的保險產品種類,包括:終身險、儲蓄險、和投資型保單(變額年金)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">終身險</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">終身險和定期壽險一樣的地方是,繳出去的錢,沒出事就拿不回來了。而和定期壽險不一樣的地方有二:第一,終身險只要繳了一定的年限,例如繳了二十年之後,就不用再繳,而終身有保障;第二,一樣的保額(保障),終身險的保費是定期壽險的三倍以上。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">例如(以下皆為簡化概算),如果</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的保額,定期壽險需要年繳</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬元保費的話,終身險則需要年繳</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬元以上。兩者的差距每年是</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬元,繳了</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,差距就是</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬元。如果你買定期壽險而非終身險,把這</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬存下來,在</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後把它拿來買定存、債券,或其他穩健的投資,只要每年報酬率有</span><span lang="EN-US">2.5%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,你就可以拿到每年</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬×</span><span lang="EN-US">2.5%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">=</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的利息,光用這個利息來繳定期壽險,也就夠了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">上述的例子重點不在數字,而在於概念。也就是終身險之所以可以終身有保障,其實是你自己繳的錢所產生的利息,再拿來支付你的保費。難道以保險公司的資金規模和運用資金的方法(例如:炒地皮),還無法產生每年</span><span lang="EN-US">2.5%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的報酬率嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以對個人比較好的方法是用較少的錢買到較高的保障(定期壽險),再把省下的錢拿來做正確的投資。與其要繳</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年不能中斷的保費,何不把這筆錢拿來正確投資股市(長期年化報酬率</span><span lang="EN-US">6~8%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。方法是採用「指數化投資策略」,買進充分分散且被動追蹤大盤指數的低成本指數型基金,並長期持有。再搭配「平均成本投資法」(每隔固定時間,就投入固定金額買進投資標的)和「資產配置再平衡」(參考本文前半段說明),便可大幅降低投資股市的風險,並增加長期的報酬率。正確投資所產生的報酬就可以讓你自己製造「終身險」,甚至累積一定的積蓄之後,就不再需要買保險了,可以「自己保自己」了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從心理學的角度來看,終身險的除了瞄準人類追求「穩定」和「一勞永逸」的心理需求之外,也利用了人類普遍具有的「貨幣幻覺」傾向。貨幣幻覺是指我們只會從貨幣的「面額」來判斷金錢的多寡,而忽略的物價漲跌或通貨膨脹等因素。從買進終身險當時的物價來看,</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的保額是一筆很好的保障了,但是幾十年後,不論是身亡或醫療給付,</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬元的購買力可能起不了多大的作用。如果通貨膨脹每年</span><span lang="EN-US">3%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的話,二十年後</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬大概只剩下不到</span><span lang="EN-US">500</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬的購買力了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">最後,針對應該買定期壽險而非買終身險的建議(其實我真正的建議是都不要買,但每個人的情況不同,這樣的建議太過主觀),很多人的反應是「可是定期壽險年紀愈大保費愈貴,且到了一定的年齡便不可以再買」。想當然爾,這樣的說法一定也是從保險業務員身上聽來的,他們擅長利用「稀少性原則」的來恐嚇行銷(限時限量,現在不買,以後就買不到囉!)。我的回答是,年紀愈大就愈不需要保險(因為身故並不會產生經濟損失),我不需要的東西你終身提供給我幹嘛?。而由此也可以看出,和保險公司做生意絕對占不到便宜,有賺頭的就賣你保單,沒賺頭的(高齡者和高風險族群)就不做你生意,規則全都是他說了算。還是靠自己好好保健身體、注意安全、累積資產比較實際吧!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以終身險最大的問題便是把錢花錯地方了、付出過高的保費,以至於喪失了投資的機會成本,也就是喪失透過正確投資來累積資產的機會,其實是讓自己的晚年更不保險了。</span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儲蓄險</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">定額年金險</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">儲蓄險和定額年金險都屬於生存保險,與死亡人壽保險功能不同,前者是保障你自己在世時沒錢可花的風險,後者是避免你過世後家人親屬沒錢可花的風險。儲蓄險和定額年金雖然在你過世之後仍然會拿到一筆錢,但基本上那就是你自己繳的錢,加上一些利息,扣掉一些違約金,和死亡人壽保險的身故保險金是不能相比的。所以在分析儲蓄險或定額年金時,應該直接把它當作是投資理財的工具,而非保險來看待。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儲蓄險是指,定期繳納保費,期滿歸還本利和的保險商品。例如每年繳6萬,六年後領回</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,或者每年繳</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,六年後領回</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬。也有</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年、</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年等更長期的儲蓄險保單。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">購買儲蓄險時,業務員一定是將你的注意力引導到金額的累積上,例如「短短數年就能存到多少錢」、「繳了多少錢卻領回更多錢」等等。他們會盡量不談到內部報酬率,因為只要認真一算就會發現報酬率通常很低,大約和定存差不多,較長期的保單(例如</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年期)才會比定存高,這樣的報酬率和正確長期投資股市相比,都是低得可憐(雖然投資股市也要承擔極高的短期風險)。就算保險業務員談到報酬率或利率,你也常常會被單利、複利、預定利率或宣告利率等一大堆名詞搞得暈頭轉向,目的就是要讓你以為報酬率很高。但幾乎可以保證的是,期滿領回時,報酬率一定會比你想像的低很多。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">除了低報酬之外,儲蓄險也承擔了較高的流動性風險(參考本文前半段說明),你的錢被卡死而無法自由運用。在繳納儲蓄險的期間內,若急需用錢而提前解約,就要付出違約金。以</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年期的儲蓄險而言,十年內解約大概都會損及本金(拿回的比繳出的還少),超過十年解約才有利息,但利率仍比不上定存,一定要繳滿</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年才能拿到比定存高一點的利息。相對地,如果你是買定存並不會有這麼高的流動性風險。定存提前解約大概就是利息被打八折,完全不會損失到本金。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">面對流動性風險,保險業務員會告訴你「不用擔心,可以用保單借款阿」。所以說我勸你少費唇舌,你講不過保險業務員的。保險業務員接受公司的銷售訓練,你會問出什麼問題他們早就演練過了,你問A他就回答B,問C就回答D,每個問題都有相對應的答案。即使你反應再快,腦袋翻一個筋斗就是十萬八千里,一樣逃不出他們的手掌心。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">管理大師彼得杜拉克說:「處理麻煩最好的方法,就是一開始就避開。」我們只需要知道什麼產品的缺點在哪裡就好了,一旦開始和銷售人員爭辯,或者故意想要試探銷售人員,小心聰明反被聰明誤,自己反而被說服了。回歸正題,保單借款的利率極高,通常是房貸利率再加上</span><span lang="EN-US">2%~3%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的左右。但好笑的是保單借款所借的錢就是你自己的錢,你用自己的錢卻要負那麼高的利息,這是什麼道理?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一個面對流動性風險的說法是「反正我確定這筆錢</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年都用不到」。這就牽扯到本文開頭所說的「什麼時候要用錢只有天知道」。流動性風險是一種「風險」,風險就是可能性、不確定性,如果可以事先知道就不叫風險了。認為</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年用不到這筆錢是一種「規畫謬誤」(高估自己對未來的掌握度),而且這種「高度依賴預測」的投資理財方式是很「脆弱」的(經不起波動和意外等隨機或混亂因子)。再說了,如果你「確定」這筆錢未來</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年一定用不到,那何不以「指數化投資策略」(充分分散、低成本、長期持有)投資在股市,獲取長期較佳的報酬?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">買儲蓄險的目的要嘛是資產的增值,要嘛是資產「穩定地」(低風險地)增值,但是要比增值比不上債券、股票,比穩定(低風險)比不過定存、公債,所以我覺得儲蓄險(低報酬、高風險)並不是一項好的投資工具。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">最後,支持儲蓄險的人還有一個說法,就是儲蓄險可以「強迫儲蓄」。這在我關於儲蓄的文章中已有說過。其實儲蓄的概念和方法都很簡單,人人都懂,之所以做不到,最主要的原因是執行儲蓄計劃者沒有打從心裡認同簡樸的生活型態(價值觀沒有改變),無法從簡樸生活中獲得真實的快樂與人生的意義感(對幸福快樂缺乏正確的認知),所以降低花費這件事就變成一種「勉強」、「痛苦」和有「壓力」的事。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">就像減肥一樣,如果覺得「少吃多動」是一件痛苦的事,這樣的壓力便無法使減肥計畫持續,或者在達到短期目標後就馬上鬆懈,又開始大吃大喝或缺乏運動而復胖,陷入著名的「溜溜球效應」─體重上上下下,每次復胖都比減肥前更胖,且更不健康。儲蓄也一樣,如果認為減少花費是一種「犧牲」、「痛苦」的事,一樣無法持續,你的資產會像前述肥失敗者的體重一樣,增增減減,數十年後仍然停留在原地(或者更慘)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">儲蓄應該從價值觀的改變開始,並對金錢與幸福快樂之間的關係有正確的認識,才能既存下錢又提升生活品質。如果用儲蓄險來「強迫」來自己儲蓄,恐怕只會更糟,要嘛提早解約,損失違約金,要嘛就是落入保單借款的陷阱,延後損失但愈陷愈深。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">定額年金險則又分為「即期年金險」和「延期年金險」兩種。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">「即期年金」是一次躉繳一筆保費後,即可每年領取定額年金的產品。幾種常見的契約型式舉例如下:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保險公司:一次躉繳</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,保證期</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年內每年可領</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,保證期內身亡一樣領滿</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年(受益人領),超過保證期</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後,每年領</span><span lang="EN-US">5000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">元,直到身亡為止。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保險公司:一次躉繳</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,保證期</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年內每年可領</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,保證期內身亡一樣領滿</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年(受益人領),超過保證期</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後,每年領</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,直到身亡為止。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保險公司:一次躉繳</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,保證期</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年內每年可領</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬,保證期內身亡一樣領滿</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年(受益人領),超過保證期</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後,每年領</span><span lang="EN-US">6000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">元,直到身亡為止。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">「即期年金」基本上就是拿低報酬交換穩定的年金給付,再加上賭自己可以活多久的產品,並沒什麼太大的陷阱。只要算清楚內部報酬率到底有多「低」,看看自己能不能接受,再評估自己可以領幾年(活到幾歲),最後再挑選適合自己的保單即可。要注意的重點如下:</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">(1)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">即期年金的利率(每十萬元保費,每年可領到的年金金額)基本上是反映當時的市場利率。如果買下即期年金當時是低利率的市場環境,將來利率漲了,很無奈,你一樣只能領少少的年金;如果買下即期年金當時是高利率的市場環境,將來利率降了,恭喜你,一樣可以領到高額的年金。這也沒什麼好講的,就只是一種個人的選擇(因為利率升降難以預測)。放棄可能更高的報酬而選擇穩定性和可預期性,定額年金的特質就是如此。</span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保證期有長有短。保證期愈長,保單利率愈低(每十萬元保費,每年可領到的年金金額愈少);保證期愈短,保單利率愈高(每十萬元保費,每年可領到的年金金額愈多)。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保險公司的利率高,保證期就比較短。</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">(3)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">超過保證期後,有些保單的年金會縮水到幾乎不見,例如</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保單;有些保單的年金則會維持保證期內的給付金額,直到身亡為止,例如</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保單。但是</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保單的利率(每十萬元保費,每年可領到的年金金額)就會比</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">低了不少。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">實際要選擇時,只要列出你預計會領幾年/活到幾歲(這是最難的部分,也是保險精算師比你厲害的部分,也是保險公司利用大數法則賺錢的部分),再把領到的年金總額換算成內部報酬率即可。假設</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲時買進上述三家保險公司的即期年金,不同年齡身亡的內部報酬率如下:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 634px;">
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<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">61</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">62</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">63</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.6pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">保證期內身亡</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">內部報酬率</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">-1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.6pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">1.80%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(領</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">-1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.6pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">0%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(領</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">-1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.6pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">1.80%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(領</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 602px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">81</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">82</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">83</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">84</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">85</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">85</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲身亡</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">內部報酬率</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.80%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">0%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.82%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 602px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">86</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">87</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">88</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">89</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">90</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">90</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲身亡</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">內部報酬率</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.81%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.22%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.84%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 602px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">96</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">97</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">98</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">99</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲身亡</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">內部報酬率</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+5000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.83%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">+40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">2.52%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公司</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.6pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.95pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">+6000</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.8pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;">1.87%</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">「延期年金」則是定期繳納保費,繳費期滿後才開始領取年金,如果是一次領就是儲蓄險。相對於儲蓄險看重資產的增值,年金險看重的就是穩定的年金收入。已經退休者可以將一筆退休金購買「即期年金」,便可轉換成可以每年穩定的年金收入,以避免自己陷入「人還沒過世,退休金就已經花完」的窘境。尚未退休者(有收入者)則可以定期繳交「延期年金」,期滿之後便可開始領取年金收入,等於是「儲蓄險+即期年金」的二合一版本。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">投資型保單</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">變額年金險</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">保險的目的是替代非預期性的龐大經濟損失,而非投資賺錢。如果以投資為目的來買保險,不但無法賺錢,還會讓自己更沒保障。無奈多數人關於投資理財的資訊幾乎全都來自於金融產業(包含財經媒體也是金融產業中的一環),金融銷售人員為了賺錢,只會推薦你高佣金的產品,如投資型保單或主動型基金(多數人買的共同基金),而不會提供真正對你有利的保險或投資工具,例如:定期壽險或指數型基金。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">我們自己也要負起部分責任,畢竟為了真正的保障或穩健投資而設計的金融商品或工具,我們大多沒興趣,反倒是提到以賺錢為目的(卻是高費用、高風險、低保障)的產品時,我們的眼睛就會閃閃發亮。所以金融銷售人員從經驗法則就可以知道,推銷真正有保障的定期壽險是事倍功半,而推銷高保費、低保額(又有高佣金)的投資型保單是事半功倍。保險業務員身處在保險產業文化中,本來就有龐大的金錢誘因,又加上民眾給他們的「後效強化」(也就是『獎勵』的意思),就演變成這種「買發財」的投保文化了。</span></span></div>
周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-1902340552175820562017-09-03T18:55:00.001-07:002017-09-03T18:55:11.739-07:00老娘幹嘛這麼麼累?!》順境比逆境更難應付<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oa7iWWZU-h8/Ufc99UkwdTI/AAAAAAAAQMs/bxHr8-0JL0g/s1600/walking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oa7iWWZU-h8/Ufc99UkwdTI/AAAAAAAAQMs/bxHr8-0JL0g/s400/walking.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">我們直覺認為逆境比順境更難應付,事實上正好相反。在克服逆境方面,人類擁有長久的經驗和傳統,但如今我們卻面對一個經驗極少的任務,那個任務就是如何安然度過富足順境。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">心理學家馬斯洛的需求層次論將人類基本需求分為「匱乏性需求」和「成長性需求」。面對逆境時,我們的目標是滿足匱乏性需求:生理、安全、愛與隸屬、自尊與尊重的需求。此時我們急迫的匱乏感<span lang="EN-US">(</span>如飢餓<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、明確目標和具體做法。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">但面對順境時,我們的目標轉為滿足成長性需求:求知、藝術性、自我實現的需求。此時我們沒有急迫的動力、明確的目標和具體的做法。這時雖然三餐得以溫飽、有穩定工作收入,但卻可能感到一種空虛無意義感。這正是面對富足順境時最大的挑戰。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">然而大多數人因為沒有學習,直覺會採用應付逆境的方法來面對順境,但就像沒有憂鬱症的人吃百憂解並不會變快樂,沒有頭痛的人吃普拿疼也不會更清醒,用逆境的方法來面對順境是行不通的。學習正向心理學,便是幫助您在順境中邁向圓滿得有效方法之一。</span><br />
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-62864165801470341662017-09-03T18:54:00.000-07:002017-09-03T18:54:02.726-07:00越快樂,越健康》一趟減肥的心理學之旅<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wy3Gzan5YLY/UfVZTFp2nuI/AAAAAAAAQIw/prekzg3WA6E/s1600/3b028d03-4652-4541-b9cc-5cdf15e79464.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wy3Gzan5YLY/UfVZTFp2nuI/AAAAAAAAQIw/prekzg3WA6E/s400/3b028d03-4652-4541-b9cc-5cdf15e79464.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">投資心理學書院怎會開始講起減肥來了?不用緊張,你沒有看錯,就像<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">教育學家</span><strong>杜威</strong></span>說過的,<span style="color: red;"><strong>教育即生活</strong></span>,只要和人生幸福快樂有關的事,都是本書院的討論重點。況且筆者並沒有撈過界,看看以下這些<strong><span style="color: red;">減肥和投資的相似之處</span></strong>,會讓你大吃一驚:</span>(閱讀本文時,讀者可自行把減肥類比為投資行為,將帶給你意想不到的收穫。)</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>第一、市場上充斥錯誤的資訊,以及近乎詐騙的產品和服務</strong></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">和投資產業一樣,減肥市場有著數不盡的偏方,多數都是未經科學證實的。而且因為多數人追求短期見效、快速成功,以致於讓相關業者有機可趁,推出許多高價位的產品或服務。而這些產品或服務不但沒有效果,還可能賠掉你的健康與財富。</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>第二,說起來簡單,做起來難</strong></span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OmQkRVL_sfE/UfVZx95ep9I/AAAAAAAAQI4/JIjsY-bMCak/s1600/10-121022153351624.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OmQkRVL_sfE/UfVZx95ep9I/AAAAAAAAQI4/JIjsY-bMCak/s400/10-121022153351624.jpg" width="292" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">就像投資獲利的基本原則─低買高賣一樣,減肥的原理一點都不難,只要吸收的熱量小於消耗的熱量就會瘦,實際的做法也很簡單,四個字─少吃多動,但是真正做得到的人少之又少。</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>第三,成功關鍵在於「心理面」</strong></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">明知道要低買高賣、明知道要少吃多動,但為什麼就是做不到?因這些看似簡單的動作,其實是違反人類演化的天性。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">想要投資獲利或減肥成功,最重要的關鍵都在於了解自己、承認自己心理弱點,並運用經<strong><span style="color: purple;">科學研究證實</span></strong>的結果,發展出一套「做得到」且「適合自己」的投資或減肥策略。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">話不多說,馬上由我帶領您展開這一趟減肥的心理學之旅吧!</span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>第一站:真的有必要減肥嗎?</strong></span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6r2kT2rjWxY/UfVa2A3wNdI/AAAAAAAAQJI/Low5y7z68c8/s1600/1197728206_0.62680100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6r2kT2rjWxY/UfVa2A3wNdI/AAAAAAAAQJI/Low5y7z68c8/s400/1197728206_0.62680100.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">誠如管理大師<strong><span style="color: purple;">杜拉克</span></strong>所言,<strong><span style="color: purple;">做對的事比把事情做對重要</span></strong>。沒有先搞清楚減肥的目的,以及到底有沒有必要減肥,即使成功達成減肥目標,到頭來也是在浪費時間。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">減肥的目的,不外乎是為了美麗或健康。從投資的觀點來看,美麗實在不是一項好投資,因為<strong><span style="color: purple;">不像投資腦袋<span style="color: #20124d;">(學習)</span>,你的資產<span style="color: #20124d;">(智慧)</span>會隨著時間逐漸增加並帶來獲利<span style="color: #20124d;">(獲益)</span>,美麗只會隨著時間消耗,甚至是一項會不斷產生支出的負債</span></strong>。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">當你為了美麗這種「<strong><span style="color: #20124d;">外在動機</span></strong>」執行減重計畫時,<strong><span style="color: #20124d;">短期內會成效卓著,但是卻不易維持</span></strong>;相對地,當你追求健康、自在、快樂…等「<strong><span style="color: purple;">內在動機</span></strong>」時,<strong><span style="color: purple;">也許短期內效果不彰,卻能夠長期維持</span></strong>,成功機率反而較大。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">那如果目的是為了健康,總該沒問題了吧?你要先問問自己,你的目的是健康,但方法健康嗎?更重要的是,你真的確定變瘦會比較健康嗎?</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">大部分減肥的人都會復胖,陷入所謂的「溜溜球效應」。而一直<strong><span style="color: purple;">忽胖忽瘦的人,其實比一直維持較胖身材的人,更不健康、更容易罹患心血管疾病</span></strong>。而隨著年齡增加,每年體重逐漸增加,其實是很正常的。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">另外,心理因素對於健康的影響力,常常比生理因素還要重要。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">例如,<strong><span style="color: purple;">嚴格執行飲食控制和強迫運動,而產生的壓力和不快樂的情緒,對健康的負面影響比肥胖還要大</span></strong>。如果吃自己不喜歡吃的東西,或因為有減重壓力,而使得吃東西時不快樂,即使你吃的東西再營養,也不會健康。(參考<strong><span style="color: purple;">《越快樂,越健康》遠流</span></strong>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">超乎常人想像地,<strong><span style="color: purple;">健康長壽的秘訣不是飲食和運動,而是終身學習和維持幸福快樂的心理狀態</span></strong>。正確的生活態度,甚至還可以返老還童。所以持續學習、上課與閱讀就是維持健康最好的方法之一。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">除非你真的是病態肥胖,否則一般人是不需要減肥的。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>第二站:建立正確的減肥心態</strong></span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ksiL2cBv4vU/UfVbm_Vy_pI/AAAAAAAAQJU/r5Yc0HLlzPU/s1600/46316_516623765035466_709331575_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ksiL2cBv4vU/UfVbm_Vy_pI/AAAAAAAAQJU/r5Yc0HLlzPU/s400/46316_516623765035466_709331575_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">執行減肥計畫時,雖然要有紀律,但也不要給自己太嚴苛的壓力。尤其是飲食控制方面,對自己太嚴苛,壓抑太多享受美食的慾望,反而容易在達成階段目標後就大吃特吃,馬上又復胖。其實平常控制得好,偶而吃些好料的也無妨。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">千萬不可以落入「<strong><span style="color: purple;">完美主義</span></strong>」的心態。<strong><span style="color: purple;">在完美主義者眼中,事情不是成功就是失敗,沒有中間地帶</span></strong>。他們在達到目標之過程中,不容許自己犯下任何錯誤。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">完美主義者萬一在減肥中不小心吃了一口冰淇淋,就會覺得自己全盤失敗而自暴自棄,憤而吃下整桶冰淇淋。而且此時吃冰淇淋的他,一點都不快樂。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">你應該具備的是「<strong><span style="color: purple;">最優化主義</span></strong>」的心態,最優化主義者也會制定減肥目標並嚴格執行,但<strong><span style="color: purple;">他們知道人總是會犯錯,總有受不了誘惑的時候</span></strong>。萬一減肥中不小心破了戒,他們也會欣然接受事實,並繼續執行他們的減肥計畫。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">把減肥當成短期目標,壓力又大又傷身,也容易復胖,但若當成<strong><span style="color: purple;">維持健康</span></strong>的<strong><span style="color: purple;">日常生活習慣養成</span></strong>,既沒有壓力又能持久,反而容易成功。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>第三站:了解自己,發展可行的、適合自己的減肥策略</strong></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">生活在大草原上祖先,由於食物取得不易,為了存活下來,他們<strong><span style="color: purple;">偏好高熱量的食物</span></strong>,並且一看到食物,就要把它全部吃下肚,能吃多撐就吃多撐,因為下一餐還不知道在哪裡。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">因為演化的關係,所以我們愛吃油炸食品、巧克力、珍珠奶茶。而當你進入吃到飽餐廳、看到滿山滿谷的食物時,雖然理智告訴你,這些食物根本吃不完,餐廳也會不斷補充,但大腦的直覺反應就是趕快使命地往肚裡塞,直到食物滿到你的喉嚨為止。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong><span style="color: purple;">節食不但不符合人性,而且還會得到反效果</span></strong>。演化除了使我們愛吃,為了度過飢荒時期,當你<strong><span style="color: purple;">吃得越少,身體的基礎代謝率就會下降以減少熱量消耗</span></strong>,這就是節食一陣子之後減重速度變慢的原因。恐怖的是在節食時期,由於熱量消耗率低,如果忍不住大吃一餐,你馬上會得到增胖幾公斤的回報!</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">較好的方法是只要吃「剛好足夠」的食物即可,而對一般上班族而言,現代人正常吃的三餐,其實超出每天所需。因為現代人工作大多不需要身體上的大量勞動,所以相對的也不需要吃那麼多東西。況且根本沒有人規定一天一定要吃三餐。</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IeVmC0FKU9Y/UfVcq0Ql4oI/AAAAAAAAQJo/RGIKxrfpVLs/s1600/walking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IeVmC0FKU9Y/UfVcq0Ql4oI/AAAAAAAAQJo/RGIKxrfpVLs/s400/walking.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">只要不要吃太多,剩下就得靠多活動了。注意,我說的是「<strong><span style="color: purple;">活動</span></strong>」而非「<strong><span style="color: purple;">運動</span></strong>」,前者是指我們日常生活中較溫和、較自然的動作,後者則是在特定時間、刻意進行的、較激烈的特殊動作。真正對身體健康有幫助的是活動而非運動。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">生活在大草原上的老祖先,每天需要不斷的走路、採集食物,而非跑步或激烈的運動。所以最好的運動就是散步,而且重點是散步時間的長短,而非距離或速度。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">心理學及醫學研究結果顯示,<span style="color: purple;"><strong>只要有一點運動,就會比完全不運動的人健康很多,而大量運動的人,則不一定比只做一點運動的人健康</strong></span>。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">運動需要特別空出時間、受到天候影響、有時還要花錢,所以很多人根本無法執行,或執行了也無法持續。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">但如果是可以融入生活中的活動,例如,多搭大眾運輸工具、多爬樓梯、在辦公室多走動少打分機、中午吃飯走遠一點、多幫同事搬東西…等,不但容易做到,也可以持久。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">每個人可依照自己的作息、工作性質都不同,所以可以發展出不同的策略,來調整飲食習慣,並盡量在生活中融入較多的活動。</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Hqsed32A69s/UfVeAZ0mgHI/AAAAAAAAQJ4/xsWP0isJQgA/s1600/garfield-13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Hqsed32A69s/UfVeAZ0mgHI/AAAAAAAAQJ4/xsWP0isJQgA/s400/garfield-13.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">如果減肥的目的是健康,那麼其實不一定要減肥(除非真的是病態肥胖)。而且就像<span style="color: red;"><strong>神經多元性</strong></span>的精神,我們也不該把同一套體重或健康標準套用在每一個人身上。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">我認為所謂「正常的BMI範圍」或「正常體脂率」可以參考就好。每個人都有適合自己的體態,只要保持對自己身體的覺察,自然就能感覺到自己現在是太胖或太瘦。順著身體地提示,餓了就吃,不餓就不吃,自然也就不會吃得太多或太少。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">我最胖曾經到達99公斤,並花了大約2~3年時間減為70幾公斤,平均每個月還瘦不到一公斤。<span style="color: red;"><strong>對一般減肥者而言這種進度簡直令人沮喪,但我的成果卻又教一般減肥者大為驚訝</strong></span>。(<span style="color: #4c1130;"><strong>聚沙成塔,投資理財何嘗不是如此</strong></span>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">我所做的事只是正常飲食,以及盡量在生活中增加活動的機會。<span style="color: red;"><strong>我其實不是在減肥,而是在養成更健康快樂的生活型態,減肥只是附產品而已</strong></span>。(<strong><span style="color: #4c1130;">財富也一樣,做符合自己天賦、有熱情的工作,財富也會隨之而來</span></strong>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">當你追求減肥,即使目標達成了,也不一定會比較健康或快樂;但是當你追求健康、自在與快樂的生活型態,很自然地體重也會維持在適當的範圍。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">減肥和投資一樣,都是一場心理遊戲。許多暴肥或暴瘦的人,都是因為工作壓力極大、生活雜亂無章所造成。<strong><span style="color: red;">他們需要的不是飲食控制和運動,而是學習與閱讀</span></strong>。因為<span style="color: #4c1130;"><strong>想要改變外在世界<span style="color: #20124d;">(身材、財務狀況)</span>,就得先改變內在世界<span style="color: #20124d;">(智慧、快樂)</span></strong></span>。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://wfhstudy.blogspot.tw/2013/07/blog-post_13.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><b>不理性的力量》自我因循</b></i></span></span></a></span><br />
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-1652663961298731192017-09-03T08:01:00.003-07:002019-03-07T16:26:18.489-08:00《愛無能的世代》閱讀心得<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當我們生活在科技創新、價值觀多元的環境時,我們的愛情觀是否也產生一些變化,德國新世代代言人米夏埃爾用自身經驗點出愛無能世代,也是無能維持關係的一代。《愛無能的世代》書中提及「愛無能」起源於不想被關係限制,愛無能與人我聯繫的無能</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依附障礙</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是追求普遍的自我實現,以及追求想像的完美所造成的現象─以為世界上某個角落有個更適合我的人存在。若現有的關係出了問題,這種意識會更清楚。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">感情的定型心態</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">史丹佛大學心理學德威克教授在分析情感的定型心態者,他們常有的想法是「感情如果必須經營,就表示兩人並不適合」,找到對的人就能過著幸福快樂的日子,不會再有問題。而知名婚姻權威亞倫.貝克說,對感情最具傷害的想法就是:「如果我們的感情需要努力經營,就表示它一定有非常不對勁的地方。」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">情感定型心態者的另一個想法,是問題代表性格的缺陷。有時指責自己,大多數時候是責怪對方,覺得是對方性格的問題,甚至到對兩人關係的不滿。然而,卻沒有想到選擇一個伴侶就是選擇一組問題,世上沒有完美之人。愛情專家約翰.高特曼:「每椿婚姻都有賴努力才能保持在正軌上;隨時都有拉鋸戰…一股是合的力量,一股是分的力量。」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">似乎愛無能世代的情感是定型心態者還不少。若我們接受感情的不完美,盡量避免爭論對錯、指責對方或翻舊帳,相信問題只要解決掉,我們能持續處理問題、減少傷害並及時調整,我們的感情生活反而越來越健全,如同本書作者米夏埃爾相信對另一個人的愛,會在一個人內心深處激發出要為對方和自己成為更好的人的意願。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">權力與自由需求</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">書中描述「愛無能世代」:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">「追求女生的時候,甚至連稍微自我犧牲一下的意願都沒有,感情應該順其自然發展,各方面都必須是本來就很和諧的」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">「他們不願意接受任何妥協,要有自己的自由空間,可以做自己感興趣的事,實現自我」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">「我目前並不想定下來,我要專注在自己身上。」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">愛無能世代,是重視「個人權力與自由需求」的世代。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">心理學家威廉.葛拉瑟認為最佳的婚姻組合建構在高度的愛與歸屬感需求、低度的權力和自由需求以及高度的樂趣需求。而低權力需求意味著高協調意願、願意妥協溝通。有高度自由需求的人常在長期的感情中掙扎。自由的本質是沒有人擁有他們,婚姻是不可能達到完全自由的狀態,當自由需求很高,在感情的維持上就會不斷產生挑戰。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">愛的先決條件</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">《愛是正能量,不練習會消失》談到愛的先決條件。第一是安全感,如果周圍存在威脅或危險就不大可能會感受到愛。忍受著抑鬱、孤獨、焦慮、低自尊的人對於威脅過度敏感,缺乏安全感是產生愛的第一大障礙。《愛無能的世代》作者米夏埃爾的個人經驗也指出,有親密關係障礙的人,擅於和周遭的人有良好但只停留在表面的來往;在過往關係中有過很不好經驗的人,常常會變成愛無能。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">愛的第二個先決條件是連結,那種與另一個人之間瞬間發生的感官感受的連結。今天德國只有三分之一的青少年認為,面對面談話是感覺最好的溝通方式。他們的溝通方式變了,寧可傳簡訊或錄語音訊息,而不直接聊天。米夏埃爾用幽默諷刺的口吻說,我們應該乾脆這麼想,你遇見了你一生中的真愛,但你沒發現,因為你只顧全神貫注地盯著你的智慧手機看。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">《愛無能的世代》這本書讓我們思考這個世代的「愛無能」,也鼓勵我們開始的力量在我們自己身上,有了開始,才有改變。每個人都有會害怕改變、害怕孤獨、害怕為愛受傷…明確表達自己的感受、對自己的感覺和行為負責,藉由肯定自我來啟動生命能量,找回愛人與被愛的能力。</span></span></div>
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-60970386264540877292017-08-10T04:33:00.000-07:002019-03-07T16:26:40.450-08:00《創新的用途理論》閱讀心得<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">當世界在改變時,我們也必須改變。然而,要如何改變或是說要如何創新,這就很不容易。許多公司為了少部份的創新,花了不成比例的成本與心力,實際上的改變和突破卻付之闕如。如果</span><span style="font-size: large;">方向不對,速度再快都沒有用,書中引用大聯盟傳奇捕手尤吉.貝拉的一句名言:「我們迷路了,但我們開得很順,正快速前進。」《創新的用途理論》這本書讓我們從正確的問題開始問起。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">品質管理之父愛德華茲.戴明曾說:「你要是不知道怎麼問正確的問題,就找不到答案」。對於本書作者創新大師克里斯汀生觀察而發覺這個比較好的問題是「你『雇用』那個產品來做什麼?」換句話說,顧客生活中出現什麼「任務」需要解決,促使他購買商品或服務。這個思考問題可以幫助我們釐清顧客不光只是購買產品,而是為了解決生活中的特定任務。例如奶昔這個產品能解決不同任務,早上的顧客喝奶昔,可能是排解通勤的無聊;而下午的奶昔卻是增近親子關係。因此,想賣出更多奶昔的人就可以從不只一種方式來著手提升奶昔的銷售量。用途理論就是有效了解顧客需求,找出顧客想解決的任務,開發適合的商品或服務。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">管理之父彼得.杜拉克</span>提出的組織五問:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">Q1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我們的使命是什麼?</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
Q2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我們的顧客是誰?</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
Q3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:顧客在乎的是什麼?</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
Q4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我們追求的結果是什麼?</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
Q5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:我們的計畫是什麼?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">顧客需求與我們的計畫也是克里斯汀生在本書特別強調,如果規劃策略時可以從了解產品的「用途」開始著手,在市場的競爭時就不需要碰運氣。卓越的創新者不是看現況來預測未來的走向,而是逼自己跳脫既定的假設,去思考是否有更好的方式。預測未來最好的方式就是創造未來。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然,用途本來就是很多元且複雜的,不只可以從實質面來看,還要從心理面、社會層面、甚至是情境因素,若只有把用途局限在實質用途,反而無法發現其他層面的影響更為廣大。像是退休人士的學習活動可能實質來看只是為了打發時間,但是,可能有更深層的需求像是人際互動、學習新知、拓展視野。從用途理論來看,我們常常搞錯競爭對手,或是進一步說,競爭不只限於同類產品。書中舉例問到網飛</span><span lang="EN-US">(Netflix)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的執行長里德.哈斯廷斯:網飛是否跟亞馬遜競爭?他回答:「其實我們是和你放鬆時做的每件事情競爭。我們和電玩競爭,我們和喝酒競爭,我們也和其他的影片網站與桌遊競爭。」從用途理論來重新思考產品或服務的競爭局面時,就會產生不同的看法。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">因此,當思考未來的走向時,公司都需從顧客日常生活解決任務中,考量到產品的複雜多元用途,而打造及設計產品,幫助顧客達到想要的進步及解決麻煩。最能了解「顧客『雇用』那個產品來做什麼?」的業者,就能取得競爭優勢,這也是用途理論的功效所在。</span></span></div>
周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-13062472946386545712017-07-24T17:15:00.002-07:002019-03-07T16:27:21.849-08:00【閱讀實踐力訓練】轉變,需要一場儀式<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">一、</span></strong><strong><span style="color: purple;">簡介</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">我們熱愛閱讀與學習,我們之所以看書不是為了娛樂消遣、也不是為了考試考證照,更不是為了求得一官半職或加官晉爵。我們不當閉門造車、獨學無友,或者鎖在象牙塔裡死讀書的書呆子。我們相信透過閱讀而學習到的知識可以在生活中實踐,進而培養出生命的智慧。真正的學習必須能夠</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">促成行動</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">、</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">解決問題</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">和</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">造成改變</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">這是一個由短期課程(每期4~6週,每週1堂課)組成,卻可以</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">長期持續參與之終身學習社群。我們精選優良讀物為主軸、以科學的「</span><strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">投資心理學</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">」、「</span><strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">正向心理學</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">」與「<b>樂齡心理學</b>」最新研究成果為學習焦點,透過閱讀的實踐,以及社群成員們正向的人際互動,一起在財務、工作、生活及人際關係上,朝成功智富又幸福快樂邁進</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">。</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">二、本期課程資訊</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">8/15(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">8/22(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">8/29(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">9/5(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">時間:</span><span lang="EN-US">19:00~21:30</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">地點:忠孝西路一段</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號(詳細教室編號,報名完成後以E-mail或手機簡訊告知)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">內容簡介:</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US">8/15(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">【轉變理論篇】</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">很多人把人生中所遭遇的改變與轉變混為一談。改變只是生活外在的變化,而轉變是內在的心理調整。假如我們只有經歷改變而沒有轉變,我們的外在也許不一樣了,其實內心還是老樣子,不斷重複著過去的習慣與行為。透過儀式幫助我們度過轉變時期,開啟新的生命篇章,在不同的人生階段都能做好準備。</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US">8/22(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">【轉變人生階段篇】</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一個人的「自我」會隨著年齡的增長,因其內在生物性心理需求與外在社會環境的互動,不斷發展與平衡。自我發展是一個終身學習的歷程,每一階段累積的心理社會力量和資源愈多,就愈能修正早期的發展失序,也更能夠處理後續的發展危機。生命原本就需要全心投入和活躍參與,不出港的船雖不會擱淺但也失去造船的意義。所以,勇敢迎向生命奔流中的暗礁吧,如此才能激起美麗的浪花!</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US">8/29(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">【轉變感情篇】</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一個健康的人隨著成長而成熟改變,對於人生和伴侶的需求也一直在改變。理想伴侶的條件在人生不同階段各不同,困在不幸感情裡的人,往往是那些不思改變的人。伴侶要永保恩愛,通常要為彼此變成六種不一樣的伴侶,才能克服歲月的挑戰,也就是唯有與時俱進,才能讓一段關係永保新鮮。</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9/05(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">【轉變職涯發展篇】</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「我從事的工作,對我是否合適?我應不應該改變方向?」這個問題是在職場中的人士最迫切想知道答案的問題之一。多數人一生中至少會做出一次重大的改行決定,然而改行轉型期的感受是困惑、失落、缺乏自信、無所適從。如果決定改行,知道前方道路如何,不但能增加成功改造的機會,進而在就業時增加找到更多喜悅與成就感的可能性。</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">三、進行方式:</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">第一階段19:00~20:10 深度閱讀:由團體帶領人引言,講師發表</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;"><b>課程</b></span><b style="line-height: 20.79px;">主題</b><span style="line-height: 20.79px;">演說/</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">授課。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">第二階段20:20~21:30 閱讀實踐:由團體帶領人引領參與者</span><b style="line-height: 20.79px;">,</b><span style="line-height: 20.79px;">進行</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">討論、分享、應用與實踐。</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">四、延伸閱讀 / 推薦書單:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">《轉變之書》早安財經</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">《每個妻子都該有的</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">任丈夫》積木</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">《一個人的療癒》大是文化</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">《轉業聖經》藍鯨</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">《生命週期完成式》張老師文化</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Erikson</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">老年研究報告》張老師文化</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">五、報名方式與費用</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: , serif;">一次報名四堂課,共</span><span lang="EN-US">2,600</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">元。8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">/15(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">前報名繳費。</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">六、報名流程</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(一)8/15(二)前,填寫以下報名表並送出</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(二)收到E-mail(優先)、LINE訊息或手機簡訊回覆(含教室地點及匯款資訊)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(三)完成匯款繳費後,以</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">E-mail(優先)、LINE訊息,或手機簡訊</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">告知完成繳費及帳號後五碼。</span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>七、授課教師 / 團體帶領人:</b></span><strong><a href="http://wfhstudy.blogspot.tw/p/blog-page_3.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">周舜欽</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></strong>& <strong><span style="color: blue;">簡均羽</span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/sixsand">歡迎免費訂閱:Life心理學講堂〈請按此〉</a></span></strong>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="720" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/embeddedform?formkey=dE51V0FnSUVEdE0taEdKVEh5bUNJRFE6MQ" width="550"></iframe>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-79184912677773749172017-07-24T17:07:00.000-07:002017-07-24T17:07:32.459-07:00不乖》比標準答案更重要的事<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"></span><br /></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">今天來推薦一本比較輕鬆的書,讀起來雖然輕鬆有趣,但並不代表沒有收穫。侯文詠用幽默有趣的故事和邏輯清晰的立論,提出許多符合<span style="color: red;"><strong>「正向心理學」</strong></span>研究的結論。而這些充滿智慧的結論,是學校不會教、父母很難懂,比標準答案更重要的事─「不乖」!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">所謂的「乖」,通常是要我們順從主流的意見,但由於時代不斷地進步,加上每個人特質與天賦都不同,所以<span style="color: red;"><strong>主流並不代表一定是對的,也不代表適用於每一個人</strong></span>。所以「乖」的最大風險就在於,萬一主流思考是錯的或不適用的,那就萬劫不復了。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">「乖」與「不乖」最大的差別在於:前者是<span style="color: red;"><strong>「接受答案」</strong></span>,後者是<span style="color: red;"><strong>「尋找答案」</strong></span>;前者重視結果,後者重視過程。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">「乖」的人遇到問題時習慣尋求權威,找出標準答案,但若遇到一個全新的、定義模糊的或沒有標準答案的挑戰 (人生大多如此 ) 時,很有可能會完全癱瘓、動彈不得。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">「不乖」的人不想直接接受權威的答案,喜歡自己去經歷尋找答案的過程,即使過程會讓自己受傷,即使得到的答案和權威給的答案一模一樣,但這種<span style="color: red;"><strong>對智慧學習與掌握的層次</strong></span>,和直接接受答案完全不同。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">由於經過上述的過程,「不乖」的人會對自己的人生負起責任,思考每一個人生重要抉擇,勇敢活出自我、追求幸福。而且弔詭的是,「不乖」的人由於不易從眾,若待在腐化、犯罪的群體中,也不會同流合污;相對地,「乖」的人習慣服從權威、順從多數,在錯誤的環境中,反而容易釀成大禍。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">正如同筆者常在課堂上強調的,成功的投資是成功的人生之延伸,「不乖」的人也具備成功投資人的重要特質,包括懂得質疑被金融產業壟斷的資訊與知識,以及擁有反向操作的智慧與勇氣。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">投資就像大部分人生課題一樣,無法教、只能學。沒有絕對正確的標準答案,只有最適合自己的投資方式。只要有想獲得標準答案的人,就有提供標準答案的金融從業人員,只不過他們提供的不是絕對正確的標準答案,而是「絕對錯誤」的標準答案。</span><br />
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-88518561584993283202017-07-24T17:06:00.001-07:002017-07-24T17:06:57.164-07:00教育 3 大規準 & 成人教育之侷限<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">我們假設成人是成熟的個體,都一樣擁有計劃未來、判斷價值的能力和選擇的自由。所以成人教育不會強迫成人要學習,教學內容則迎合成人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> ( </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">短視近利或錯誤的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> ) </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">需求,且不正視成人學習者有程度上的差別而予以分級教育。然而這些都只是「政治正確」的做法。</span><br />
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</span>心理學家霍華德‧嘉納在《不一樣的領導力》中提到,大多數成人仍繼續使用兒同時期的運思方式,只有少數成年人發展至成人應有的抽象與後設運思方式。成人沒有想像中的理性,也沒有足夠的知識和智慧選擇正確的學習內容,更因為進社會後是否持續學習的差異,造成程度上極大的鴻溝。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
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</span>不論兒童或成人,大腦的發展都具有神經可塑性,且遵守「用進退廢」原則。畢業後不再學習的成人,智力便會退化;而對於不熟悉的領域,成人則無異於兒童。成人教育應在政府規範與市場自由之間,取得更好的平衡。</span></div>
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<br />周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-73978537732547749872017-07-24T17:00:00.000-07:002019-03-07T16:27:49.237-08:00【閱讀實踐力訓練】成功與運氣─如何掌握最難以掌握的事?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">一、</span></strong><strong><span style="color: purple;">簡介</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">我們熱愛閱讀與學習,我們之所以看書不是為了娛樂消遣、也不是為了考試考證照,更不是為了求得一官半職或加官晉爵。我們不當閉門造車、獨學無友,或者鎖在象牙塔裡死讀書的書呆子。我們相信透過閱讀而學習到的知識可以在生活中實踐,進而培養出生命的智慧。真正的學習必須能夠</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">促成行動</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">、</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">解決問題</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">和</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">造成改變</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">這是一個由短期課程(每期4~6週,每週1堂課)組成,卻可以</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">長期持續參與之終身學習社群。我們精選優良讀物為主軸、以科學的「</span><strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">投資心理學</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">」、「</span><strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">正向心理學</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">」與「<b>樂齡心理學</b>」最新研究成果為學習焦點,透過閱讀的實踐,以及社群成員們正向的人際互動,一起在財務、工作、生活及人際關係上,朝成功智富又幸福快樂邁進</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">。</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">二、本期課程資訊</span></strong><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--m3FLP0-yxs/WUiZy-7sIuI/AAAAAAAAgJM/ruGSsyrYxzc5p1FGBL40meTzuZ296zo9gCLcBGAs/s1600/131266762918449648383_L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="649" height="266" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--m3FLP0-yxs/WUiZy-7sIuI/AAAAAAAAgJM/ruGSsyrYxzc5p1FGBL40meTzuZ296zo9gCLcBGAs/s400/131266762918449648383_L.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">題目:<b><span style="color: red;">成功與運氣─如何掌握最難以掌握的事?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日期:</span><span lang="EN-US">7/18(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">7/25(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">8/1(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">8/8(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">地點:忠孝西路一段</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號(詳細教室編號,報名完成後以E-mail或手機簡訊告知)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">內容簡介:</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-US">7/18(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">運氣與能力的光譜</span>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">統計、預測與心理偏誤</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有些事情依靠能力才能成功,有些事則是由運氣主導。正所謂「謀事在人,成事在天」,事情結果的好壞往往難以控制,但求好的決策過程而已。然則,要做出好的決策,你必須知道能掌握,以及無法掌握什麼,這兩件事同等重要;而且要小心,不要犯了某些心理偏誤</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">─</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">重要的事不一定能測量,也不是所有能測量的東西都很重要。</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-US">7/25(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">追求成功</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">─</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">刻意練習與能力的提升</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「均值回歸」這個容易理解但難以體會的統計名詞,意思是說當一件事情重複試驗很多次,則運氣的影響會逐漸消失,而能力的影響則會日漸重要。也就是說,長期而言一個人是否會成功,終究會回到其能力表現的平均</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">─</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬變不離其宗!但是能力如何提升?以及,能力的提升會不會又涉及到運氣的問題呢?讓我們繼續看下去……</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US">8/1(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當個幸運的人─心理素質與正向心理學</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">運氣是「影響你的生活、似乎不受你控制的事件」。雖然你不太能控制自己的運氣,但是卻能改變你對「自己幸不幸運」的看法。就像幸福快樂程度是主觀的一樣,認為自己幸運或不幸的人,也擁有不一樣的心理特質。幸運的人比較幸福快樂,而快樂的人也認為自己比較幸運。如果我們能培養一些心理素質來增加自己的幸福快樂程度,慢慢地,你也會發現自己擁有幸運的人生。</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US">8/8(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和好運交朋友─社會互動與生命的意義</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">運氣擁有各種面貌,在實際訪談的結果中,多數人認為「幸運的人生」意謂著「有貴人相助」(比起中獎或平順無意外的人生,更令人感到幸運)。在極少數的人為遊戲中,運氣事件之間是相互獨立的;然而在多數真實情境中,則是經濟結構與社會網絡會對運氣發生極大的影響力。運氣這個東西,常沿著人際關係的鍊條流動。要想掌握難以掌握的運氣,你得先掌握「與人接觸」的關鍵因素。</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">三、進行方式:</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">第一階段19:00~20:10 深度閱讀:由團體帶領人引言,講師發表</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;"><b>課程</b></span><b style="line-height: 20.79px;">主題</b><span style="line-height: 20.79px;">演說/</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">授課。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">第二階段20:20~21:30 閱讀實踐:由團體帶領人引領參與者</span><b style="line-height: 20.79px;">,</b><span style="line-height: 20.79px;">進行</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.79px;">討論、分享、應用與實踐。</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">四、延伸閱讀 / 推薦書單:</span></b><br />
《成功與運氣》天下雜誌<br />
《快思慢想》天下文化<br />
《刻意練習》方智<br />
《幸運的配方》大塊文化<br />
《就是要好運》寰宇<br />
《學習樂觀,樂觀學習》遠流<br />
《這樣思考,和好運交朋友》九印<br />
《Get Lucky!助你好運》天下文化<br />
《Get Lucky!助你好運<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II</span>》天下文化<br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">五、報名方式與費用</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: , serif;">一次報名四堂課,共</span><span lang="EN-US">2,600</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">7/11(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 12pt;">前報名繳費。</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">六、報名流程</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(一)7/11(二)前,填寫以下報名表並送出</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(二)收到E-mail(優先)、LINE訊息或手機簡訊回覆(含教室地點及匯款資訊)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">(三)完成匯款繳費後,以</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">E-mail(優先)、LINE訊息,或手機簡訊</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">告知完成繳費及帳號後五碼。</span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>七、授課教師 / 團體帶領人:</b></span><strong><a href="http://wfhstudy.blogspot.tw/p/blog-page_3.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">周舜欽</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></strong>& <strong><span style="color: blue;">簡均羽</span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/sixsand">歡迎免費訂閱:Life心理學講堂〈請按此〉</a></span></strong>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-64869965342095745742017-07-21T05:38:00.001-07:002019-03-07T16:28:18.105-08:00《探索人格潛能,看見更真實的自己》閱讀心得<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_udmq9BQ-j4/WXH1nRyu2AI/AAAAAAAAgKw/xwqGBajls5c6fmFAHwtJcGFDEPtLJWcnACLcBGAs/s1600/IMAG1181.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1411" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_udmq9BQ-j4/WXH1nRyu2AI/AAAAAAAAgKw/xwqGBajls5c6fmFAHwtJcGFDEPtLJWcnACLcBGAs/s400/IMAG1181.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">在德爾斐的阿波羅神廟箴言中:「認識你自己」是很重要但又不容易的事。盧梭在《懺悔錄》中:「有時候我是那麼不像我自己,我可能是被一個和我性格完全相反的人占據了。」透過人格心理學的研究,替我們解惑自己在日常生活中有一些奇特面向,幫助我們看見自己或他人不同的面貌。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">先談談為什麼我們常覺得都市人比較冷漠,而農村人比較熱情?當我們在想這個問題時,不只要想到人格特質的影響</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是不是比較冷漠的人都住到都市</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,還要考慮到環境</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">都市讓我們表現出冷漠的一面</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。心理學家米爾格倫認為都市是刺激的來源,而且這些刺激的累積效果,對人類的幸福會產生決定性的有害影響,因此我們透過減輕超載量的適應機制來對付這一問題。也就是我們在都市已經發展出一個不涉入他人的規範。相反地,當我們在都市想要與他人接近時,反而會有壓力。人格特質和環境的交互作用,如果能搭配得很好,就能如魚得水,生活得很自在。相反的,若有一個熱愛持續刺激環境的人卻住到一個效區僻靜之處,那就很難適應。這是我們考量一個人特質時,需要搭配其情境的重要。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在心理學中,有主要五大人格特質</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">外</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">內向性、嚴謹自律性、神經質、親和性、經驗開放性。沒有什麼特質是一定好或一定壞,而是依情境或是環境需要,不同特質能適時發揮。即使是個人特質在某一情況是不利的,我們仍有『自由特質』能適應新挑戰的能耐。因此,書中特別提醒我們,別太認真看待自己的五大特質分數。若太執著於我就是內向的人,無法應付多人的社交大場面;若是我就是經驗封閉不喜歡嘗試新事物…反而我們被特質囚禁了,在這世界上順暢遊走的自由度受到很大的局限。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">然而有時,我們在執行重要的計劃時,做出令人意外的行為。而這些計劃通常是在推動生命意義的計劃。當人生不斷祭出挑戰,我們需改變方向,並調整我們的特質。而能獲得最大快樂的人,是那些能夠匯聚一己特質的人。在書中所提到:「特質是我們所擁有的,計劃卻是我們去做的事;背景使我們陷入其中,計劃卻能拉著我們往前開拓新的可能性,而其中一種可能性就是更美好的人生、更快樂的生活。」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">最後,這本書提醒我們「幸福的藝術」</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人格與幸福,我們和自己的每一次互動交涉,都能為我們帶來啟發,更認識自己;但也可能帶來挑戰,因為需要和自己某種程度的和解,這是一場雙人舞,由自己與內在的自己不斷在建構與解構,認識自己真是一輩子的功課。</span></span></div>
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-4552892022218094222017-02-08T05:03:00.000-08:002019-03-07T16:29:25.067-08:00孫子兵法》人生境界、領導藝術與現代生活的藝術<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uxYddp73tsI/WJsW48Ajd8I/AAAAAAAAf6E/JhnOrpqrDjMJj58bduROK-TsEP5st8dXwCLcB/s1600/4371899_R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uxYddp73tsI/WJsW48Ajd8I/AAAAAAAAf6E/JhnOrpqrDjMJj58bduROK-TsEP5st8dXwCLcB/s400/4371899_R.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">《孫子兵法》可謂是中國古代文化中的一朵奇葩。它言兵但又不限於言兵。以現代的學科分類來看,其對後世的軍事科學、醫學、經濟學、體育競技、文學、哲學、系統科學、決策學、心理學、數學、預測學、行為學等,都有不同程度的影響。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">那麼,《孫子兵法》之所以能經歷數千年而不衰,其所揭示的事物普遍規律究竟是什麼?對現代生活所具有的現實意義又是什麼呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">然而,《孫子兵法》真的適用於現代的戰爭或現代人的生活嗎?或者,將它應用於現代生活時會有哪些限制?以及,應用孫子兵法的人又要注意哪些重要原則呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">身為華人,你讀過《孫子兵法》了嗎?你讀懂《孫子兵法》了嗎?你讀對《孫子兵法》了嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">愛閱實踐社群【閱讀實踐力訓練】4週專題課程:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《孫子兵法》</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人生境界、領導藝術與現代生活的戰略</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">課程日期:</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">3/7(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">3/14(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">3/21(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">4/4(</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>上課時間:</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">19:00-21:30</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>上課地點:</b></span>台北市忠孝西路一段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">50</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">號(台北火車站對面,新光三越旁)教室編號待報名成功後另行通知。</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">第一階段<span lang="EN-US">19:00~20:30 </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">深度閱讀:</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">深入探討《孫子兵法》,由講師進行導讀與授課</span></blockquote>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">第二階段<span lang="EN-US">20:40~21:30 </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">閱讀實踐:</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">藉由新書</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">經典書摘,來進行團體討論與分享、知識應用與實踐</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">費用:</span></b>每次上課現場繳費</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">650</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;">元(完整課程共四次,可報名參加單次課程)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">報名方式:</span></b>填妥下列報名表,送出即可。</span></div>
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(<strong><span style="color: #999999; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/sixsand">歡迎免費訂閱:Life心理學講堂〈請按此〉</a></span></strong>)<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="720" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/embeddedform?formkey=dE51V0FnSUVEdE0taEdKVEh5bUNJRFE6MQ" width="550"></iframe>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-58431974436051403542017-02-08T04:21:00.000-08:002017-02-08T04:21:21.249-08:00《沒有名片,你是誰》「我/我們」哲學<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pctyZT2SYZk/UkcJFATeC9I/AAAAAAAARM4/SRNleuHMNHM/s1600/wuerkerthanks_custom-1922745d6a04c666702f5ab58772e771618500c4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="332" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pctyZT2SYZk/UkcJFATeC9I/AAAAAAAARM4/SRNleuHMNHM/s400/wuerkerthanks_custom-1922745d6a04c666702f5ab58772e771618500c4.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">孤單,是一個人的狂歡;狂歡,是一群人的孤單。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">─《葉子》 陳曉娟 作詞</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">每個人都有兩種看似相反的人際需求,一種是將自己與他人區隔開來,強調自己的獨特性。</span></b>例如,行為經濟學的實驗顯示,聚餐時同桌友人的點餐順序會影響一個人對餐點的滿意度,後點餐者常常為了顯視自己的獨特性,而點了不同於先點餐者的餐點,卻犧牲了自己原先的偏好選擇。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">上述實驗可參見《誰說人是理性的》,此種點餐傾向有文化差異,重視合群性的東方文化可能傾向於點和別人一樣的餐,不過也帶出以下要說的第二種人際需求:融入群體。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">第二種是將自己融入一個更大群體的需求,以獲得一種歸屬感與安全感。</span></b>例如,和上述實驗有點矛盾地,<b><span style="color: blue;">在生活或工作上,我們常常犧牲自己的權益,或刻意隱藏自己不同於多數的意見,只為了維持群體表面的和諧,或顯示自己的群性。</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">上述兩種人際需求其實並不衝突,也不矛盾,只是大部分人用了錯誤的方法來追求這兩種人際需求的滿足。《沒有名片,你是誰》書中闡述的<b><span style="color: blue;">「我<span lang="EN-US">/</span>我們」哲學</span></b>,便是教我們如何同時滿足這兩大人際需求。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">透過<b><span style="color: blue;">「我」途徑─「自我了解、發現意義與界定價值」的過程,可以讓我們找到自己的天賦、整合過去的經驗,並追求個人的目標</span></b>;透過<b><span style="color: blue;">「我們」途徑─「選擇付出、真心投入與帶來貢獻」的過程,可以幫助我們建立與他人的關係、真正成為群體的一份子,以及達到對自己和群體都帶來好處的雙贏局面。</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">要讓自己與眾不同、獨一無二,不是讓外在行為表現得離經叛道</span></b>(尋求自我認同的青少年常透過此種方法)<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">就可以了,而是要從直接經驗或間接經驗</span>(如閱讀)<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">中學習與反思,以了解自己的特質,並充分發揮自己的天賦。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">心理兼教育學家霍華德‧嘉納(<span lang="EN-US">Howard Gardner</span>)提出的「多元智力論」(<span lang="EN-US">The Theory of
Multiple Intelligences</span>)說明了每個人都有不同的優勢智能,加上每個人的人生經驗都不盡相同,對類似的經驗也會有不同的解讀、產生不同的意義,進而形塑一個人的價值觀。透過上述的「我」途徑─「自我了解、發現意義與界定價值」的過程,每個人便會自然產生獨特性,並建立自信、自尊與自我認同。</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>至於要融入群體,也不是拼命認識朋友、加入多種社群就可以了,而是先要不求回報地付出、真心認同所屬群體並以行動表現,最後對社群做出獨特的貢獻才是正確的方法。</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">例如,在<span lang="EN-US">【愛閱實踐社群</span><span lang="EN-US">】</span>中,社群成員常常自發性地帶點心請大家吃、不吝分享自己的學習心得,並以持續穩定的出席和真心的關懷他人,來表示便表示對社群的認同,而每個人的互動與貢獻都使社群的品質不斷提升,回過頭來又加強了社群成員自己的學習成效,進而改善自己的生活與工作品質,形成一種良性的循環。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">然而「我」與「我們」途徑有一定的順序。例如,<b><span style="color: blue;">要先有足夠的自我了解,才能懂得尊重及同理他人;要先釐清自己的價值觀,才能選擇與加入正確的群體;要先發揮自己的天賦,才能對群體產生最大的貢獻。</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">那些覺得「服務他人」、「無條件的付出」…等說法,是唱高調、太過理想化的人;或是常見的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">那些</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">太過投入志願服務,缺忽略自己應盡義務及家人等重要人際關係的人,其實是因為跳過了「我」途徑直接進入「我們」途徑,或走完「我」途徑之後沒有進入「我們」途徑的結果。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">唯有實踐「我<span lang="EN-US">/</span>我們」哲學,才能以更宏觀的角度來看待自己和群體,打從心理認知到並認同「每個人都是獨立的個體,卻都同在一條船上」的道理。故教學群常在課堂中強調:能和自己相處的人,才能與同性他人相處;能與同性他人相處的人,才能與異性他人相處;能與其他個體相處的人,才能與群體共處。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-29352090046361051342017-02-08T04:17:00.000-08:002017-02-08T04:17:55.009-08:00正向心理學》目標設定的幸福科學<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">調查<span lang="EN-US"> 1953 </span>年級耶魯畢業生,問他們是否有特定目標,是否寫下他們的目標?有部分人說他們心中有目標,但只有<span lang="EN-US"> 3% </span>的人在某處寫下他們的目標,二十年後,調查人員聯絡這些畢業生,結果非常神奇,有目標的那一部份學生,成功致富顯然優於沒有目標的人,寫下目標<span lang="EN-US"> 3% </span>的人的財富總和比其他<span lang="EN-US"> 97%
</span>的總和還多!<span lang="EN-US"><br />
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</span><b style="color: blue;">這項神奇的目標設定有效性研究只有一個問題:「這項調查從未發生過」。</b><span lang="EN-US">(</span>引自<span lang="EN-US"> Fast
Company </span>雜誌<span lang="EN-US"> )</span>耶魯大學表示,完全沒有這項研究調查的紀錄,人們詢問研究人員的資料來源時,他們無法舉證,無法證明其真實性。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">目標設定是坊間激勵書籍或課程中最常提到的主題之一,然而這些書籍或課程流傳的內容往往未經科學驗證、充斥誇張不實的效果,甚至引用根本不存在的研究。若看了或聽了這些偽科學內容,不但無法讓你夢想成真、幸福快樂,反而還為因為極高的期望而帶來極深的失望。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">根據心理學的研究,目標設定至少有下列四種副作用:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">一、隧道視野</span></b>:目標設定者往往產生視野窄化的現象,將注意力集中在欲達成的目標上,因而忽略與目標無直接相關的機會與資源。例如一心一意只想考上高普考的考生,常常因此看不見更多有助於其職涯發展的工作機會。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">二、短視近利</span></b>:目標設定者往往為了追求短期的益處,而忽略長期的益處。例如企業常常為了達到短期績效目標,而忽略長期的研發與教育訓練工作。個人則常常為了達到短期的經濟目標,而忽視人際關係與健康等長期而嚴重要的無形資產。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>三、不擇手段</b></span>:為了達到目標往往讓人忽略手段的正當性。例如企業為了盈餘目標開始做假帳、各人為了經濟目標則開始販售對消費者有利的保險、傳直銷或各式高風險金融產品。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>四、喪失內在動機</b></span>:過度追求目標會讓您可犧牲當下的樂趣、不斷延後幸福感,認為只要達成目標就會帶來快樂。如此反而無法專注在追求目標的過程、從過程中得到報酬。無法從過程中得到樂趣的人,通常無法達到目標,或者常常發生的情況是,達成目標後才發現根本不是自己想要的。不論哪一種情況,回首自己花了大半輩子時間卻無法達成想要的結果,都會引發及杜的無意義感。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />那麼,究竟要如何設定目標,才能在達成目標或朝著目標進展時,增加一個人的幸福感呢?正向心理學研究發現,目標的設定必須符合下列三個條件,才能有助於目標的答誠與進展,並在帶來更多的正向情緒與意義感。<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span>設定<span style="color: blue;"><b>「自我協和目標」</b></span>:目標必須符合你的需求、價值觀、自我概念和心理特質。</span></div>
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2.</span>設定<span style="color: blue;"><b>「自主性目標」</b></span>:目標必須是你自己設定的,而非由別人賦予的目標,或盲目追求他人的目標。</span></div>
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3.</span>設定<b><span style="color: blue;">「進取型目標」</span></b>:目標必須能引發積極的行動,而非只是迴避負面的行為。<br /><br />如果目標能與自己的內在抽象特質與價值觀相符,且是經過自己思考而願意付出努力去追求的,最後目標的內容還能引導你去做現在或未來所必須做的事,那麼當這個目標達成,或者在你朝向這個目標踏出的每一步中,都能為你帶來幸福快樂、滿足感以及意義感。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span>推薦您好書:《快樂是一種陷阱》、《動機,單純的力量》、《正向心理學》、《不理性的力量》</span></div>
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<br />周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-49772232099151558592017-02-08T04:16:00.000-08:002017-02-08T04:16:48.847-08:00讓好工作找上你》穩定其實不穩定<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">先前發表過一篇文章〈<a href="http://wfhstudy.blogspot.com/2010/07/blog-post_29.html"><span style="color: red;"><strong>勇於冒險</strong></span></a>〉,說明追求穩定、不想改變是人的天性,而且一旦你開只追求穩定,你就注定與成功致富又幸福快樂絕緣了。這時仍會有許多人很驕傲地說:「我沒有那麼大的抱負要追求什麼成功致富又幸福快樂,我只要要穩定的過完一生就好。」但我必須非常遺憾地說:「你所謂的穩定,其實是最不穩定的。」</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">一般人所謂穩定的工作是什麼?不外乎是公教人員、大組織的員工…等,為了進這些地方工作,求職者所做的努力就是考教甄、考高普考、考證照…不斷地補習和考試,花錢事小,若喪失自信和時間(生命),是再多錢也買不回來的。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">首先,做這些事情的成功率很低,<strong><span style="color: blue;">高普考錄取率約1%,教甄錄取率更低約0.1%</span></strong>。「可是補習班櫃台說今年錄取200人,國中畢業就可以考,而且只考選擇題耶!」傻瓜說的話永遠一樣。真相是有40,000人去考,錄取率不到1%,一大堆碩博士去考,而且難道只有你考選擇題,其他人都考申論題嗎?補習班櫃台一個月20,000多塊薪水,那麼好考她怎不去考?</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">其次,做這些事情無法累積你的經歷與實力。例如一個大學畢業生考了5年沒考上(這很常見,我聽過考14年還不放棄的),終於放棄去找工作,面試時主管看看履歷問他畢業後到現在做了些什麼?他只能回答考高普考。如果你是主管,你會錄取他嗎?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">最後,也是最重要的一點,請你捫心自問,你真的喜歡那樣的工作嗎?或者你根本不瞭解工作內容是什麼,只是看上它穩定的薪水,以及不知道領不領得到的退休金?<span style="color: blue;"><strong>如果做一件事只是為了外在的目的(例如金錢)而非內在的目的(例如發揮潛能與天賦),你既不會快樂,也不會成功,當然也賺不到錢</strong>。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">史蒂芬‧柯維在《讓好工作找上你》中,引述一為做加曾經說過的話:「<span style="color: blue;"><strong>在工業經濟中,一個人就算不把心思放在工作上,仍可以把工作做好,然而這種做法在知識經濟的工作中,可就行不通了</strong></span>。」</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">做自己不喜歡的工作,或者一邊工作一邊準備考試,便無法全心投入工作,也不會想在專業領域進修,一旦有薪資較低的新人出現,馬上就可以取代你。平日沒有培養不可取代性、可轉移知識技能或個人品牌的你,一旦被裁員,就如同從溫室被丟回叢林裡,馬上失去生存的能力。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">總之,在大組織裡工作、每年調薪、退休還有退休金的時代已經過了。現在的大組織,薪水不高工時又長(一個月3萬元工作10幾個小時很正常)、工作壓力大(上廁所要用跑的,上太久廁所還會自動熄燈),而且非常容易被裁員。因為在大公司眼中,每一個員工只是一個數字,把你裁掉一點都不會有壓力,為了節省公司成本,大刀一砍就是幾%的人要回家吃自己。</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>最穩定的工作,就是符合你的天賦(熱情+專長),對你而言有意義、能為社會做出貢獻的工作</strong>。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">即使工作型態很「不穩定」,例如兼職、約聘、微型創業…等任何形式,只要符合以上描述,那就是最穩定的工作。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">不論對你而言那是什麼,我保證你去應徵或經過學習後的創業,成功率都絕對會超過1%。而且沒有人逼你,你也會不斷在專業領域上精進並累積個人品牌,所以即使離職,你也能馬上找到新工作或開創新事業。最重要的是,不論短期內薪資如何,退休後有沒有退休金,你工作的過程都是快樂的。而且有趣的是,當你找到這樣的工作,收入通常也會跟著水漲船高。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">最後提醒您,<strong><span style="color: blue;">工作上的穩定或安全感,並不是來自別人(政府、公司或老闆)的保證,而是來自你的實力與自信</span></strong>。<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">換句話說,</span><strong>穩定指的不是「永遠不會發生糟糕的事(如被裁員)」,而是你知道,即使最糟糕的事發生了,你也有信心可以去面對與處理</strong></span>。</span><br />
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-57491967267210026802017-02-08T04:14:00.000-08:002017-02-08T04:14:25.316-08:00EQ與情緒管理的迷思》容忍是破壞關係的兇手<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;">十幾年前《EQ》這本書出版,在台灣創下亮眼的銷售數字,但因為內容艱澀難懂,所以銷量雖好,真正看完這本書的人卻不多。就在大多數人對情緒智商、情緒管理...等概念似懂非懂的情況下,EQ這名詞竟也廣為運用,甚至到達濫用的地步。但最糟糕的知識就像這種似是而非的知識,而最糟糕的智慧就是有傳統沒智慧的傳統智慧,因為通常讓我們受傷最深的,不是我們不知道的事,而是我們信以為真,但卻是錯誤的事。</span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">首先,情緒管理的第一課就是接納自己的情緒,而不是壓抑或控制自己的情緒,有情緒是很正常的,這點是一般人對高EQ最大的誤解,認為EQ高就是不能生氣。事實上,一個完全不生氣、不和人吵架的人,反而其情緒管理是有問題的,和別人的溝通也不一定良好,因為吵架有時是一種激烈的溝通。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">所謂的情緒管理,管理的重點不在於情緒本身,而在於引發情緒的人事物。如果把重點放在情緒本身的管理,例如一些放鬆的技巧、運動、娛樂、轉移注意力...等,都只是治標不治本,甚至一些不當的宣洩,如大喊、大哭、摔東西、搥打牆壁...等連續劇或電影常出現的方式,反而會因為生理反饋,使自己越陷越深、不可自拔。情緒管理的重點還是必須回到問題的解決、檢討和預防。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">例如,某同事上次跟你借了一支筆没還,這次又要向你借的時候你就不應該借他,這時候你還沒有很生氣,可以好好說,甚至用開玩笑的口氣跟他說「有借有還,再借不難」。但一般人的作法剛好相反,為了不讓場面太難看還是選擇借他筆,而他每次都不還,等到有一天你身體剛好不舒服的時候他又剛好跟你借筆,這時你情緒一發不可收拾,開始大聲咆哮,主管和同事過來關心,不但不體諒你,還說「只是一支筆嘛,你幹麻那麼計較,你喔~就是EQ太低啦...」這時候你說你會不會氣死。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">換句話說,不是不能生氣,而是要在事情一開始、情緒還能控制、只有一點點不高興時表達出來,這時候你還能好好說。忍住不說是害怕破壞人際關係,但容忍卻是破壞人繼關係最大的兇手。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">日常生活中的情緒管理還算小事,長期工作、生活壓力的管理更是重要,這時候終身學習就扮演重要的角色。以我擔任投資心理學講師的經驗,許多人的壓力其實來自不必要的經濟負擔,例如房貸、車貸、保險或是不必要的消費,還有更多人是因為不開心所以去消費,欠下一大堆卡債,而這些都是缺乏財金智慧和心理學常識的結果,是可以藉由學習改善的。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">但終究有一些人事物及環境是我們無能為力的,這時候你就必須選擇離開,雖然這需要學習和勇氣,因為對一般人而言,在不學習的情況下,忍受痛苦比改變容易。但你一定要做到,因為負面情緒對你健康的影響出乎你的想像,甚至對週遭的人的影響也很大。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">已故管理大師彼得‧杜拉克說:「未來的歷史學家回顧歷史時,會認為20世紀最大的發明不是網際網路或電子商務,而是人類有史以來第一次擁有選擇的自由,然而人們卻沒有好好利用它。」所以不論你的工作、生活或人際關係讓我們多麼不開心,我們都有選擇的自由,即使所有事都不是我們能選擇的時候,你還能選擇面對它的心態。快樂不是來自外在的事物,而是我們面對外在事物時的心態。</span><span style="line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span><br />
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周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-38300646815319887952017-01-15T01:45:00.000-08:002019-03-07T16:29:54.095-08:00柔軟的心最有力量 閱讀心得<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">面臨世局紛亂、衝突挫敗,我們要用什麼方式來面對,丹尼爾.高曼《柔軟的心最有力量》談的是心靈的力量。丹尼爾.高曼運用科學化證據,來支持達賴喇嘛的觀點,因此,在書中提及許多達賴喇嘛的故事與想法,展現出丹尼爾.高曼對達賴喇嘛的推崇和欣賞。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">達賴喇嘛要我們先從內在覺察開始,進而管理我們的頭腦和心靈。然後,再從我們自身,找到比較好的平衡點向外看,思索我們可以做的好事。當所有的爭論都可以用對談的方式,而非以戰爭來解決時,就可以停止「我是我、他是他」的心態,而且遍及到各階層,從一個小團體到一個民族,再到整個國家。在莊子《齊物論》提及人們心中都有固有的成見,並把成見當老師一樣在遵循。視對方覺得不對的事,是對的。而對方覺得不對的事是不對的。如果想看見自己覺得不對的事物的肯定面,反省自己覺得不足,不如站在太陽和月亮的高度,公平照看大地上的萬事萬物。當我們可以無所偏執地同情、體諒每個不同的立場,完整照見一件事物的各個不同面向,世間的真實將更加清晰地呈現在自己的面前。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">達賴喇嘛認為現在就要展開一場慈悲心推動教育,「心靈教育」有助於讓這種遠見在將來完成實踐。學生以此種人文價值觀,琢磨砥礪,自我鞭策,關心生命。當這種教育體系變成全球標準時,未來世代自然會反映出慈悲心。莊子談到古之至人,先存諸己而後存諸人。古代那生命達到最高境界的「至人」是能先樹立自己,然後也能讓別人也由之樹立自己的生命。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">心靈教育從我們的心開始,降低毀滅的情緒,帶進正向能量。人體感染到病毒時,需要適當的衛生保健。同樣地,情緒也有相同的衛生保健。情緒保健就是,當感到有毀滅性情緒想爆發時,能夠即時克制住它。情緒沒有控制好就會變成破壞性情緒,開始相互爭奪、欺騙、貪婪、黑心事業、戰爭…,所以從情緒保健開始。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">認知治療的創始者艾倫.貝克曾說:「當我們處在情緒沸騰點時,認知上所接收的負面訊息,多數是錯誤的</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">九○%是心理投射。」因此,當我們分折哪些想法是受到扭曲且不符合現實的情緒,我們的反應會得到正面還是負面的結果,有助於處理我們的情緒。人生不如意十之八九,我們無法控制事情的發生,但我們可以控制對這些事的看法以及反應。「時間暫停」「空間留白」可以幫助我們在情緒高漲時,找出合適的反應及行為。「每一個人都有潛力,對自己內在世界培養出更好的控制力,降低毀滅性情緒,如憤怒、恐懼、猜疑,有能力察覺到負面想法。」達賴喇嘛如此說。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">達賴喇嘛厲害的地方從一些小故事看得出來,當達賴喇嘛得知中國軍隊開槍射擊西藏示威者時,他是想像中國官員的模樣,移除他們胸中的怒火、猜疑和負面情緒,再以愛心、慈悲心和寬容心填補這些空缺。先使自己的情緒平靜下來,當心情平靜時,才能想出有效的對策或解決方案。然而,若失去一個平靜的心,就可能選擇錯誤的方式來處理。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">過度的情緒會產生行動,而這些行動會做出對自己或對其他人不利的方法。因此,要先將自己的情緒平靜下來,平靜下來的方式是對中國官員抱持正面的感受。如果我們依照本能,我們是會對中國官員抱持負面有敵意的感受,或可能選擇鎮定,後者也不見得有助益。達賴喇嘛說:「當毀滅性情緒刺激我們,並扭曲我們的認知能力時,若僅有鎮定,並不足以解決問題。」用正向的方式來扭曲我們的情緒,冷靜和鎮定是不同的。鎮定和麻痺冷漠僅是一條細微的界線,鎮定可能把自己跟情緒隔離開來,讓自己沒有情緒。當沒有情緒,也就不會採取行動。因此,把情緒轉成正面的,不去分敵人或親愛的人,把所有人類當成一體的,去想如何解決問題。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">《柔軟的心最有力量》提到一個「情緒平衡」的課程,用來妥善管理自己的內心世界。以下四個問題讓我們來思考:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">獲得真正的快樂後,對我會是什麼樣的狀況?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">我需要這個世界得到什麼,來達成這個目標?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">我自己需要做什麼,也就是我需要學習什麼習慣?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">最後,我應該如何把快樂帶給全世界,讓自己來幫助這個世界?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">當愈多人明瞭到權力、金錢、功名皆是一場空虛的夢想;明瞭到汲汲營營忙碌一生,到頭來筋疲力竭,卻是一場空;明瞭到大方的氣度,敏銳的洞察力、和喜樂的心,才是生命可貴的果實時,以此一遠見勾勒出的願景,就會讓人更加渴慕,亟欲取代紛擾的世局。如同莊子在《齊物論》中提及,勞神明為一,而不知其同也。若操勞心神只為了執著一件事,卻不知執著和不執著的結果其實相差無幾;方其夢也,不知其夢也。夢之中又占其夢,覺而後知其夢也。且有大覺,而後知此其大夢也。當我們在開心或悲傷的夢境中,都不知道這只是夢而已。甚至在夢中,還去求問夢中夢的吉凶,直到醒來才恍然明白自己是在作夢。唯有真正覺醒的人,才能知道世間種種不過是一場過眼大夢。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">達賴喇嘛認為我們在面對更大的使命時,能以清澈、平和、溫暖的心靈做好因應的準備。如此,我們方能駕馭難以處理的棘手問題,如,腐敗的掌權者、輕忽怠惰的執政者、貪婪、個人私利動機、強勢者對弱勢者的漠視。在《輕鬆駕馭壓力》中,特別針對「小我」和「大我」兩種目標的不同。發現人們連結到</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「大我」的目標時,會有較好的感覺,變得更懷抱希望、關懷他人、心存感激、受到鼓舞並感到興奮。相反地,當人們以「小我」為目標努力時,比較容易感到困惑、焦慮、憤怒、羨慕,以及孤獨。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">馬丁.路德金恩所說:「我們所有人都陷在一張彼此牽制,脫逃不出的網中,如同穿一件衣,變成一個命運共同體。任何一件事只要會直接影響一個人,就會間接影響所有人。」達賴喇嘛也說:「讓人過得更幸福,讓彼此在更和平的世界中,更加完整地互相扶持,是一個可以實現的目標。但我們必須擁有一個寬廣的視野,和長遠的眼光。」</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">要改變這個世界可以從小處做起。這是西敏寺一位聖公宗教會主教的墓誌銘:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">年輕自由時,我的夢想很遠大,希望改變這個世界。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">隨著年紀漸長、智識漸增,我發現要改變這個世界沒那麼簡單,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">所以我縮小自己的夢想,希望改變我的國家,但要改善自我的國家也很困難。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">待我白髮蒼蒼之時,我最後的願望是能夠改變我的家人,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">如今,死亡近在眼前,我才發現,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">如果我可以先改變自己,我便可以成為家人的模範,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">藉此激勵、鼓舞他們,一點一滴改變這個國家。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">誰知道,如果我真這麼做的話,我真有可能改變這個世界。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" /></span>周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-8960376411076546872016-07-14T23:53:00.002-07:002016-07-14T23:53:36.523-07:00透明領導力》公司內部不透明的5大因素<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">一個組織的「透明指數」象徵著它的成功性,透明是指資訊在組織內部、以及組織和利益相關者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">包括公眾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">之間的自由流動。唯有開放、坦承、透明,企業才有未來。國家不透明、組織不透明、領導人不透明,都不會有明天!</span><br />
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</span>在網路時代,只要輕按滑鼠就能使某個組織或某位領導者的聲譽搖搖欲墜,故公司的「外部不透明」已間接被科技發展所解決。如今國家、企業、領導人及個人都不得不透明。反之,透明化也能帶來意想不到的力量,不論組織或個人,只要夠開放坦承,都可透過網路建立堅不可摧個品牌效應。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
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</span>組織與領導人的另一個挑戰在於「內部不透明」,談的是開創一種坦承的文化,暢通無阻的資訊流通對組織的健康至關重要。造成組織內部不透明的<span lang="EN-US">5</span>大因素包括:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span>隱藏資訊的需求<span lang="EN-US">(</span>喜歡知道別人不知道的事<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span>結構障礙<span lang="EN-US">(</span>科層組織太過龐大<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span>速度感的需求<span lang="EN-US">(</span>沒有蒐集足夠資訊就下決定<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span>傳統文化<span lang="EN-US">(</span>以前都這樣做所以現在繼續做<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
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</span>推薦:華倫‧班尼斯等《透明領導力》臉譜</span></div>
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<br />周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6938258259663514536.post-23557390137054532272016-04-07T02:39:00.000-07:002016-04-07T02:44:07.717-07:00障礙就是道路:改變認知,啟動意志,超越自我的行動三紀律 閱讀心得<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">《障礙就是道路》中,舉了許多不同的例子讓我們思考,有些人在遭遇困境時,不但沒有動彈不得,更將讓人深陷泥沼的阻礙變成前進的助力。石油大王洛克菲勒在災難中看到機會,即使在大家都恐慌的時刻保持冷靜。雅典演說家狄摩西尼面對不幸命運的時刻,透過採取行動提升自我鞭策能力。林肯終極一生都在與不斷打擊他的憂鬱症纏鬥,他真正的力量在於他的意志、不屈服於絕望的能力並且兼具幽默與嚴肅的能力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們在科技日異月新、物價上漲、壓力過大、競爭激烈的環境,更需要從逆境中成長、在矛盾中找出平衡,在混亂中茁狀。「克服阻礙」的三種關鍵分別是認知、行動和意志。認知是看待世界的角度和理解世界的方式。認知對我們的影響很大,當預期會有什麼影響,實際就會發生什麼影響。健康心理學家凱莉.麥高尼格在《輕鬆駕馭壓力》提到,如何看待壓力和回應壓力的方式都扮演重要的角色,將左右壓力對我們的影響。重新改變認知就能擁抱壓力甚至改變壓力對我們的作用。還有研究顯示對老化持正面觀點的人,其壽命平均增加將近八年,一個人下老化的心態是預測其他重要的健康指標。因此,在某種思維模式啟動後就會引發目標、情緒還有思想,進而影響行為和作法,這些行動又影響了長期的結果。我們可以選擇如何看事情,我們轉變觀點或思維模式時,就能改變阻礙的樣貌。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">行動很容易,但要正確的行動就沒那麼簡單。如何在我們被恐懼、焦慮不安、沮喪所綁架時,不讓最壞的念頭擊垮我們的信心,而是採取行動,欣然迎接障礙。想想愛迪生常常做實驗失敗的場景吧,他選擇拒絕放棄,不斷嘗試新的選項和新的可能性。事情很多都是困難的,最初幾次的嘗試失敗是很正常。更何況如同美國廢奴運動倡議者溫德爾.菲力普:</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「什麼是失敗?不過是一種教育,不過是到達更好境地的第一步。」每一次的失敗都是一種回饋,用這種方式看待世界,正是逆轉障礙的關鍵方式,負面的事件有了正面的意義,令人失望的事情也成了學習的機會。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">意志是內在的心靈堡壘。羅馬皇帝奧里略的《沉思錄》給我們的提醒,那擺脫了激情的心靈就是一座堡壘,因為再沒有什麼比這更安全的地方可以使他得到庇護。什麼是我們可以掌握改變的事情,什麼是不在我們掌握範園之內的事。是否能大富大貴,是否能成功、有名、擁有無上權力,這不是我們可以控制的範圍之內的;但讓心靈除去錯誤意見、擺脫無窮的慾望這是在力量控制範圍內的。比起控制別人的行為按照我們的方式,控制自己的想法和情緒容易得多。我們可以思考、行動,但最終世界是無法預測的,會發生什麼的情況沒辦法事先得知,意志就成為關鍵的第三力量。對老羅斯福來說,人生就像是一座競技場,而他就是格鬥士。為了生存,就要強壯、堅韌、無懼、為一切做好準備。如同古希臘哲學家克里安西斯:「命運會引導那些接受它的人,阻礙那些抗拒它的人。」有時接受我們無力改變的事,就能有所改變。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當我們擁有這三種力量,首先看得清楚。接著,正確行動。最後,承擔並接受這世界的真實樣貌,我們就擁有逆轉障礙的工具,學習「將恐懼化為睿智,將痛苦化逼蛻變,將錯誤化為創新的計劃和投入事業的渴望」,這是一個正向迴圈,讓阻礙道路的,現在已經成為道路。曾經阻礙行動的,現在促成行動。雖然人生會給我們許多障礙,只要去轉變它,就會因為它讓我們變得更好。因此,未來我們面對困難,不再害怕,反而是感到興奮,更期待未知的未來。</span></div>
周舜欽http://www.blogger.com/profile/15887581676141631288noreply@blogger.com